1. 1 Getting Started: C-Revisions and Introduction to Graphics Next: Simulation Essentials, Memory Handling

2. Topics for Discussion Elements of the Tank Game Compiling your program Simple Animation Double-buffering technique Keyboard handling Mouse handling 159.234 Demo

3. 3 Tank Game

4. Elements of the Game Graphics Engine Keyboard & mouse control Physics Engine Dynamic Memory handling Objects: Tank, Alien, Bomb, Bullet, Wall, Ledge Transformation Equations, Zooming features 159.234 Trigonometric Equations

5. Demo C:\Core\Massey Papers\159234\Animation-2008-v.4.0 C:\Core\Massey Papers\159234\Bomb-v.1.0 C:\Core\Massey Papers\159234\Bomb-v.11.0 C:\Core\Massey Papers\159234\TankGame-2008-v.1.0 C:\Core\Massey Papers\159234\Assignments\Samples\A1-06193242- Sample\Tank 2.0 5 Why resort to writing codes using the Object-Oriented approach?

6. What can you notice here? if(clock() > detonationTime){ for(int i=0; i < count; i++){ //Note: append Tank's x and y-components Wx = Xdev(WBound,DBound,x(obj[i].t,obj[i].vO, obj[i].theta) + TankX); Wy = Ydev(WBound,DBound,y(obj[i].t,obj[i].vO, obj[i].theta) + TankY); setlinestyle(SOLID_LINE, 0, 1); fillellipse(Wx,Wy,Xdev(WBound,DBound,3.0),Xdev(WBound,DBound,3.0)); obj[i].t=obj[i].t + obj[i].tInc; } t=t+tinc; } 6

7. What about here? for(int i=0; i < numOfBombs; i++){ b[i].activate(); b[i].tick(tfm); b[i].draw(tfm); } 7

8. 8 C-Programming Revisions C-LANGUAGE STRUCTURE 159.234 /* include statements */ #include /* define statements */ #define MAX 2000 /* function prototypes */ void subfunc(int argument); /* global variables */ int i, j; char c; float x,y; char s[80]; /* functions */ void subfunc(int argument) { int i; /* local variables */ statements... } /* main program */ int main() { statements... }

9. 9 Compiling your Program MAKEFILE (for J JJ JFE) 159.234 MyProg.exe: MyProg.o graphics.o gcc -wl,-s -o MyProg.exe MyProg.o graphics.o MyProg.o:MyProg.cpp graphics.h gcc -c -fpermissive -fconserve-space MyProg.cpp graphics.o: graphics.cpp graphics.h gcc -c -fpermissive -fconserve-space graphics.cpp Should start with a tab This is the minimum requirement for compilation. Turn on all the warning messages possible

10. 10 Graphics Project WORKSPACE (JFE) 159.234 MYPROG.CPP GRAPHICS.CPP GRAPHICS.H MAKEFILE GAME.WSP

11. 11 Compiling your Program MAKEFILE (for s ss scite) 159.234 MyProg.exe: MyProg.o graphics.o g++ g++ -wl,-s -o MyProg.exe MyProg.o graphics.o MyProg.o:MyProg.cpp graphics.h g++ g++ -c -fpermissive -fconserve-space MyProg.cpp graphics.o: graphics.cpp graphics.h g++ g++ -c -fpermissive -fconserve-space graphics.cpp This is the minimum requirement for compilation.

12. 12 Makefile graphics.cpp graphics.h MyProg.cpp All must reside in the same folder It’s better to put classes in separate files. physics.cpp physics.h cpp The cpp file will include the function *.h Implementations, while the header file (*.h) will include the function prototypes and the class definition.

13. 13 Incorporating more files... MAKEFILE (for scite) 159.234 MyProg.exe: MyProg.o transform.o fuzzylogic.o physics.o bomb.o graphics.o g++ -Wl,-s -o MyProg.exe MyProg.o transform.o fuzzylogic.o physics.o bomb.o graphics.o MyProg.o:MyProg.cpp graphics.h transform.h fuzzylogic.h bomb.h gameDef.h g++ -c -fpermissive -fconserve-space MyProg.cpp transform.o: transform.cpp transform.h g++ -c -fpermissive -fconserve-space transform.cpp fuzzylogic.o: fuzzylogic.cpp fuzzylogic.h g++ -c -fpermissive -fconserve-space fuzzylogic.cpp physics.o: physics.cpp physics.h g++ -c -fpermissive -fconserve-space physics.cpp bomb.o: bomb.cpp bomb.h g++ -c -fpermissive -fconserve-space bomb.cpp graphics.o: graphics.cpp graphics.h g++ -c -fpermissive -fconserve-space graphics.cpp

14. 14 C-Programming Revisions INITIALIZING GRAPHICS 159.234 #include #include "graphics.h" int main(void) { srand(time(NULL)); // Seed the random number generator int GraphDriver=0,GraphMode=0; initgraph(&GraphDriver, &GraphMode, "", 1280, 1024 ); TankGame(); //start the game – this is user-defined function return 0; } User-defined, take note of the double quotes.

15. 15 Simple Animation Single Page Animation (flickery!) 159.234 void SinglePage() { int i; int x,y; cleardevice(); y=getmaxy()/2; while( (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_ESCAPE))==0 ) for(x=0;x<getmaxx();x++) { if(GetAsyncKeyState(VK_ESCAPE) != 0) break; setactivepage(0); cleardevice(); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,RED); fillellipse(x,y,12,12); rectangle(x,y+(getmaxy()/12),x+100,y+(getmaxy()/11)); settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4); outtextxy(getmaxx()/2,getmaxy()/8,"PAGE 0"); } Check if the ESC key has been pressed

16. Demo C:\Core\Massey Papers\159234\TankGame- 2008-v.1.0 See SinglePage and double buffering animationsSee SinglePage and double buffering animations 16

17. 17 Simple Animation Double-buffering Animation (flicker-free!) 159.234 void MultiplePages() { int i, x, y; bool PageFlag=TRUE; setactivepage(1); cleardevice(); outtext("PAGE 1"); setvisualpage(1); y=getmaxy()/2; while( (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_ESCAPE))==0 ) for(x=0;x<getmaxx();x++) { if(GetAsyncKeyState(VK_ESCAPE) != 0) break; if (PageFlag) { setactivepage(0); cleardevice(); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,RED); fillellipse(x,y,12,12); rectangle(x,y+(getmaxy()/12),x+100,y+(getmaxy()/11)); settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4); outtextxy(getmaxx()/2,getmaxy()/8,"PAGE 0"); setvisualpage(0); } Continued...

18. 18 C-Programming Revisions Double-buffering Animation (flicker-free!) 159.234 void MultiplePages() {... while( (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_ESCAPE))==0 ) for(x=0;x<getmaxx();x++) { if(GetAsyncKeyState(VK_ESCAPE) != 0) break; if (PageFlag) {... } else { setactivepage(1); cleardevice(); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,RED); fillellipse(x,y,12,12); rectangle(x,y+(getmaxy()/12),x+100,y+(getmaxy()/11)); settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4); outtextxy(getmaxx()/2,getmaxy()/8,"PAGE 1"); setvisualpage(1); } if(mousedown()) { } PageFlag=!PageFlag; }

19. 19 Graphics Functions void cleardevice (void); 159.234 cleardevice erases (that is, fills with the current background color) the entire graphics screen and moves the CP (current position) to home (0,0). e.g. 1280 x 1024 pixels Device System of Coordinates +x +y 0 (X Device,Y Device )

20. 20 Maximum Boundaries int getmaxx (void); int getmaxy (void); 159.234 outtextxy(getmaxx()/2, getmaxy()/2, “Graphics"); (getmaxx(), getmaxy()) (0,0) Graphics

21. 21 Graphics Functions DISPLAYING TEXT 159.234 setcolor(YELLOW); settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 3); settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); outtextxy(200, 300, “Graphics"); See graphics.h for more options

22. Demo C:\Core\Massey Papers\159234\TankGame- 2008-v.1.0 GraphicsDemo()See GraphicsDemo() 22

23. 23 Graphics Functions DISPLAYING TEXT 159.234 char mx[80]; float N; sprintf(mx,"%d",mousecurrentx()); moveto(105, 224); outtext(mx); N=4.5; sprintf(mx,"%3.2f", N); outtextxy(100, 250, mx); Get mouse current x-position

24. 24 Graphics Functions DISPLAYING TEXT 159.234 void settextstyle (int font, int direction, int charsize);settextstyle NameValue Description DEFAULT_FONT08x8 bit-mapped font TRIPLEX_FONT1Stroked triplex font SMALL_FONT2Stroked small font SANS_SERIF_FONT3Stroked sans-serif font GOTHIC_FONT4Stroked gothic font SCRIPT_FONT5Stroked script font SIMPLEX_FONT6Stroked triplex script font TRIPLEX_SCR_FONT 7Stroked triplex script font COMPLEX_FONT8Stroked complex font EUROPEAN_FONT9Stroked European font BOLD_FONT10Stroked bold font

25. 25 Graphics Functions DISPLAYING TEXT 159.234 void settextjustify (int horiz, int vert);settextjustify Description NameValue Action horiz LEFT_TEXT0left-justify text CENTER_TEXT1center text RIGHT_TEXT2right-justify text vertical BOTTOM_TEXT0bottom-justify text CENTER_TEXT1center text TOP_TEXT2top-justify text

26. 26 Text Height, Text Width int textheight (char *textstring); int textwidth (char *textstring); 159.234 Use textheight to compute the height of strings, instead of doing the computations manually. By using this function, no source code modifications have to be made when different fonts are selected

27. 27 Mouse Routines int mousecurrentx(); int mousecurrenty(); int whichmousebutton(); LEFT_BUTTON RIGHT_BUTTON bool mouseup(); bool mousedown(); void clearmouse(); 159.234

28. 28 Introducing Delay void delay (int millisec); 159.234 the length of time to sleep in milliseconds. delay(50); Sleep(100);

29. 29 Setting the Color void setcolor (int color); 159.234 Sets the text, line, circle, rectangle, ellipse, arc colors Affects outline color of all filled shapes setcolor(RED); setcolor(50); //From 0 to 64

30. 30 Line Style void setlinestyle (int linestyle, unsigned upattern, int thickness); 159.234 NameValue Description SOLID_LINE0Solid line DOTTED_LINE1Dotted line CENTER_LINE2Centered line DASHED_LINE3Dashed line USERBIT_LINE 4User-defined line style thickness specifies whether the width of subsequent lines drawn will be normal or thick. NameValue Description NORM_WIDTH11 pixel wide THICK_WIDTH 33 pixels wide

31. 31 Rectangle void rectangle (int left, int top, int right, int bottom); 159.234

32. 32 Fill Style void setfillstyle (int pattern, int color); 159.234 Pattern: EMPTY_FILL, SOLID_FILL, LINE_FILL, LTSLASH_FILL, SLASH_FILL, BKSLASH_FILL, LTBKSLASH_FILL, HATCH_FILL, XHATCH_FILL, INTERLEAVE_FILL, WIDE_DOT_FILL, CLOSE_DOT_FILL, USER_FILL Affects filled-shapes

33. 33 bar void bar (int left, int top, int right, int bottom); 159.234 The upper left and lower right corners of the rectangle are given by (left, top) and (right, bottom), respectively. The coordinates refer to pixels.

34. 34 Bar3D void bar3d (int left, int top, int right, int bottom, int depth, int topflag); 159.234 bar3d draws a three-dimensional rectangular bar, then fills it using the current fill pattern and fill color. The three-dimensional outline of the bar is drawn in the current line style and color. The bar's depth in pixels is given by depth. The topflag parameter governs whether a three-dimensional top is put on the bar. If topflag is nonzero, a top is put on; otherwise, no top is put on the bar (making it possible to stack several bars on top of one another). The upper left and lower right corners of the rectangle are given by (left, top) and (right, bottom), respectively. To calculate a typical depth for bar3d, take 25% of the width of the bar, like this: bar3d(left,top,right,bottom, (right-left)/4,1);

35. 35 Circle void circle (int x, int y, int radius); 159.234

36. 36 Ellipse void ellipse (int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int xradius, int yradius); void fillellipse (int x, int y, int xradius, int yradius); 159.234 ellipse draws an elliptical arc in the current drawing color with its center at (x,y) and the horizontal and vertical axes given by xradius and yradius, respectively. The ellipse travels from stangle to endangle. If stangle equals 0 and endangle equals 360, the call to ellipse draws a complete ellipse. The angle for ellipse is reckoned counterclockwise, with 0 degrees at 3 o'clock, 90 degrees at 12 o'clock, and so on. The linestyle parameter does not affect arcs, circles, ellipses, or pie slices. Only the thickness parameter is used.

37. 37 Putpixel void putpixel (int x, int y, int color); 159.234

38. 38 Arc void arc (int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int radius); 159.234 Angles in degrees 0-360. 0-right. Counter-clockwise (90-up, 180-left, 270-down) The linestyle parameter does not affect arcs, circles, ellipses, or pie slices. Only the thickness parameter is used.

39. 39 Pieslice void pieslice (int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int radius); 159.234 Use with setcolor() and setfillstyle() functions

40. 40 Fillpoly void fillpoly (int numpoints, int *polypoints); 159.234 fillpoly draws the outline of a polygon with numpoints points in the current line style and color (just as drawpoly does), then fills the polygon using the current fill pattern and fill color. polypoints points to a sequence of (numpoints * 2) integers. Each pair of integers gives the x- and y-coordinates of a point on the polygon. Array of integers

41. 41 Fillpoly Example void fillpoly (int numpoints, int *polypoints); 159.234 int poly[8]; int maxx, maxy; maxx = getmaxx(); maxy = getmaxy(); poly[0] = 20; /* first vertex */ poly[1] = maxy / 2; poly[2] = maxx - 20; /* second vertex */ poly[3] = 20; poly[4] = maxx - 50; /* third vertex */ poly[5] = maxy - 20; poly[6] = maxx / 2; /* fourth, vertex */ poly[7] = maxy / 2; /* automatically closes the polygon */ fillpoly(4, poly); 4 points, 8 array elements

42. 42 Keyboard Handling GetAsyncKeyState 159.234 The GetAsyncKeyState function determines whether a key is up or down at the time the function is called, and whether the key was pressed after a previous call to GetAsyncKeyState. To find other pre-defined constants: google Using google, type the following keywords: msdn vk_shift Virtual-key code e.g. vk_shift vk_control SHORT GetAsyncKeyState( int vKey ); // vKey - virtual-key code

43. 43 Keyboard Handling GetAsyncKeyState 159.234 void MoveSprite() { if(GetAsyncKeyState(VK_UP) < 0) { SpriteY = SpriteY - 2; //up outtext("UP"); } if(GetAsyncKeyState(VK_DOWN) < 0) { SpriteY = SpriteY + 2; //down outtext("DOWN"); …. To find other pre-defined constants: Using google, type the following keywords: msdn virtual key codes http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms645540(VS.85).aspx

44. 44 Keyboard Handling Monitoring the Control and Shift keys: if(GetAsyncKeyState(VK_CONTROL)<0) { ControlFlag =! ControlFlag; } bool ControlFlag, ShiftFlag; if(GetAsyncKeyState(VK_SHIFT)<0) { ShiftFlag =! ShiftFlag; } For the Tank to Jump to the Right: Control + Shift + Right Arrow key For the Tank to Jump to the Left: Control + Shift + Left Arrow key

45. 45 Keyboard Handling Possible approach in monitoring key combinations : if(GetAsyncKeyState(VK_RIGHT)<0) { XDir=RIGHT; if(ShiftFlag) { outtext("SHIFT + RIGHT"); ShiftFlag=!ShiftFlag; } if(ControlFlag) { outtext("CTRL + RIGHT"); if (TankX < getmaxx()-W) TankX += 2; Angle=Angle-5; RaiseWheelFlag=TRUE; ControlFlag=!ControlFlag; } …