1. Ch. 7 Nutrition for Life Section 1 Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins
Section 2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water

2. Key Terms
Nutrition: the science or study of food and the ways in which the body uses food
Nutrient: a substance in food that provides energy or helps form body tissues and that is necessary for life and growth
Carbohydrate: a class of energy giving nutrients that includes sugars, starches, and fiber
Fat: a class of energy giving nutrients; also the main form of energy storage in the body
Protein: a class of nutrients that are made up of amino acids, which are needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body

3. Key Terms
Vitamin: a class of nutrients that contain carbon and are needed in small amounts to maintain health and allow growth
Mineral: a class of nutrients that are chemical elements that are needed for certain body processes, such as enzyme activity and bone formation
Nutrient deficiency: the state of not having enough of a nutrient to maintain good health

4. What Is Nutrition
Nutrition is the science or study of food and the ways in which the body uses food
Study of how and why we make food choices
Study of the nutrients foods contain

5. Six Classes of Nutrients
There are six classes of nutrients in food:
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water

6. A Balanced Diet Keeps You Healthy
To stay alive, healthy, and growing, a person must eat and drink the right amounts of nutrients
Eating too little food causes weight loss, poor growth, and if severe enough death.
But eating too much food can also cause illness resulting from excess body fat
Heart disease
High blood pressure
Chronic diseases and disorders linked to poor nutrition
What you eat today not only affects how you look and feel right now but also can affect your health in the long term

7. Food Has Fuel for Your Body
Food provides the fuel that runs your body
The sum of the chemical processes that take place in your body to keep you alive and active is called metabolism
Requires energy and nutrients
The nutrients in food that provide energy are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Vitamins, minerals, and water are also nutrients needed for metabolism, but they do not provide energy.
The energy in food is measured in calories
The number of calories in a food depends on the amount of carbohydrate, fat, and protein it contains

8. Carbohydrates
Found in foods such as fruit, milk, cookies, and potatoes all which are made of the same thing sugars
Two types of Carbohydrates:
Simple
Complex
Simple are made up of single or double sugar molecules
Complex made of many sugar molecules that are linked together

9. Simple
Glucose: a single sugar that circulates in the blood (blood sugar); the most important sugar in the body because it provides energy to the body’s cells; usually found as a part of the double sugar sucrose or in starch
Fructose: a single sugar that is called fruit sugar; is sweeter that table sugar; found naturally in fruit and honey; added to many sweetened drinks
Lactose: a double sugar made by animals that is also called milk sugar; found in dairy products
Sucrose: a double sugar refined from sugar beets or sugar cane that we call table sugar; found in candies and baked goods and used as a table sweetener

10. Complex
Starch: made of many glucose units linked together; found in foods like potatoes, beans, and grains
Glycogen: made in the body; made of many glucose units linked together; stored in the muscle and liver of humans and animals; can be broken down to provide a quick source of glucose
Fiber: made of many glucose units linked together; found in fruits and vegetables; cannot be digested by humans; needed for a healthy digestive system

11. Fats Is an essential nutrient
You need fat in your diet for your body to function properly
Add to the texture, flavor, and aroma of food
Belong to a class of chemical compounds called lipids, which are fatty or oily substances that do not dissolve in water
Fatty acids are long chains of carbon atoms that are chemically bonded to each other and are attached to hydrogen atoms

12. Fats Saturated Fats are fats that are made up of saturated fatty acids
Solid at room temperature and come from animal foods such as meat and milk
Meat, whole milk, butter, ice cream
Unsaturated Fats are fats that are made up of unsaturated fatty acids
Common in plants
Liquid at room temperature
Cholesterol
Found in human and animal tissues
Needed to make vitamin D, cell membranes, certain hormones, and bile
LDL “bad cholesterol”
HDL “Good cholesterol”
Found in foods such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products

13. Four Fat Facts
Too little dietary fat can lead to a fatty-acid deficiency, but eating too much of the wrong types of fats can raise blood cholesterol levels
Fat in your adipose tissue cushions your body’s organs and helps keep your body temperature stable
Fat is needed to make regulatory molecules in the body such as certain types of hormones. Fat is also needed to form the coating on nerves and the membranes that surround body cells
Fats add to the taste and texture of food and help you feel full for several hours after you have eaten

14. Proteins
Your muscles, skin, hair, and nails are made up of mostly protein
Help build new cells and repair existing ones
Needed to form hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and other important molecules
Proteins are made up of chains of molecules called amino acids.
20 different amino acids make up body proteins
9 of the amino acids needed to make body protein cannot be made in our bodies called essential amino acids, must be eaten in your diet
The other 11 can be made by the body and are called nonessential amino acids

15. Complete and Incomplete Proteins
Animal proteins such as meat, eggs, and dairy products contain all the essential amino acids. These proteins are therefore called complete proteins.
Most plant proteins, found in foods such as legumes, grains, and vegetables, don’t have all the essential amino acids or have smaller amounts of some essential amino acids than are needed by your body. These proteins are called incomplete proteins

16. Vitamins Classified by whether they dissolve in fat or water
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
A, D, E, K
Dissolve in fat, most can be stored in fat tissue and remain in the body for a long time
Water-Soluble Vitamins
8 B vitamins and vitamin C
Not stored I the body well
B vitamins do not provide energy, most are needed to release energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

17. Minerals
More than 20 minerals are essential in small amounts to maintain good health
Mineral are a class of nutrients that are chemical elements that are needed for certain body processes, such as enzyme activity and bone formation
Review Table 3

18. Water 60% of your body is water
Water is essential because it is necessary for almost every function that keeps you alive
Extra water cannot be stored in the body, therefore water intake must balance what your body loses
Eight glasses a day (2.5 quarts)
Water, juice, and low-fat milk are healthy sources of fluid

19. Three Reasons Why Water Is Important
It transports nutrients and oxygen through the body and helps get rid of wastes from the body
It provides the proper environment for the body’s chemical reaction to occur
It helps regulate body tempature