1. SALTWATER / BRACKISH- WATER AQ [objectives] Chapter 14 Discuss fundamentals of sw/bw AQ Identify and explain the kinds of facilities and sites ID and explain production considerations Discuss government regs Discuss culture of shrimp, salmon, mollusks, crustaceans and fish

2. FUNDAMENTALS 15 states have shorelines on the Atlantic Ocean, 5 on the GOM, and 5 on Pacific Saltwater and brackish-water aquaculture is called as mariculture Salinity is the amount of salt in water Salinity is measured either with a hydrometer, a refractometer, or a salinometer

3. HYDROMETER

4. REFRACTOMETER

5. SALINOMETER

6. SITES AND FACILITIES Shore – land next to the ocean Intertidal – area covered with water during high tide but not during low Sublittoral – shallow inshore areas Seabed – the ground always covered by the sea Open ocean – away from shore

7. SHORE AQUACULTURE

8. INTERTIDAL AQUACULTURE

9. SUBLITTORAL

10. SEABED AQUACULTURE

11. OPEN OCEAN

12. SHRIMP AQUACULTURE Ideal for intensive cultivation Grow rapidly in intensive facilities Great product demand Main species cultured: *brown shrimp *white shrimp *pink shrimp

13. SHRIMP brown white pinktiger

14. PRODUCING SEED Gravid females must be captured or produced Capturing larval shrimp from the wild is difficult Baby shrimp are called nauplii and eat plankton Postlarval stage lasts about 50 days Production ranges from 1000-5000 pounds per acre

15. SALMON AQUACULTURE Salmon are anadromous (live in saltwater; spawn in freshwater) Salmon farming – fish are raised from fry in tanks, ponds, or cages Salmon ranching – smolt are released in streams; they migrate to ocean; grow to adults and return to release stream to spawn

16. sockeye coho chumpink

17. FISH LADDERS

18. SALMON EGGS, ALEVINS, AND SMOLT

19. MOLLUSKS The oyster is the most important mollusk commonly cultured in the U.S. Other cultured bivalves include clams, mussels, and scallops Cultured gastropods include abalone and snails

20. BIVALVE MOLLUSKS oysterclams mussels scallops

22. OYSTER AQUACULTURE Oysters change from males to females as they get larger One female may release 50 to 100 million eggs per spawn Eggs hatch within a few hours after fertilization Turn into spat after 2 weeks and settle onto hard substrate (cultch)

23. OYSTER AQUACULTURE (cont’d.) Oysters are filter feeders (plankton) Commonly grown on seabed, trays, cages, rafts, and nets Oysters require little management except for diseases and predators Diseases include oyster fungus, dermo, and MSX Predators include fish, seastars, and gastropods

24. OYSTER PREDATORS Oyster drill Cownose ray Sea star

25. HARVESTING Oysters cultured on seafloor are typically harvested by tonging, dredging, or diving

26. OYSTER GARDENING

27. GASTROPODS Two gastropods are primarily cultured; abalone and snails (escargot)

28. OTHER CULTURED SPECIES Lobsters Blue crabs Mullet Milkfish Pompano Redfish Cobia Flounder Grouper Dolphin

29. LOBSTERS Maine lobster Florida spiney lobster

30. BLUE CRABS

31. MULLET

32. MILKFISH

33. POMPANO

34. REDFISH

35. COBIA (LING)

36. FLOUNDER

37. GROUPER

38. DOLPHIN (MAHI MAHI)