1. DIGITAL FLUOROSCOPY

2. TUBE ABOVE THE TABLE

3. TUBE UNDER THE TABLE

4. C-ARM FLUOROSCOPY

5. MINI C-ARM

6. CONVENTIONAL FLUOROSCOPY

7. FLUOROSCOPIC DATA AQUSITION-IMAGE INTENSIFIED SYSTEM
X-RAY TUBE
PATIENT
IMAGE INTENSIFIER
OUTPUT PHOSPHOR
CAMERA
MONITOR

8. BEAM SPLITTER

9. FLUOROSCOPIC DATA AQUSITION-DIGITAL SYSTEM
                               
ADC
DAC

10. FLUOROSCOPIC SYSTEM IMAGE INTENSIFIER

11. CAMERA
VIDEO SIGNAL - ANALOG

12. I.I.

14. INPUT OF I.I.

15. OUTPUT OFI.I.

16. ADVANTAGE OF DF OVER CONVENTIONAL I.I. FLUOROSCOPY
SPEED OF IMAGE ACQUISITION
POSTPROCESSING

17. FLUOROSCOPY MATRIX

18. IMAGE INTENSIFIER SIZE / MATRIX
PIXEL SIZE
IMAGE INTENSIFIER SIZE / MATRIX

19. DURING DF TUBE OPERATES IN RADIOGRAPHIC MODE ( HIGH mA value) TUBE HEAT OVERLOAD!!! NO, BEACAUSE OF PULSED BEAM!!! PULSED PROGRESSIVE FLUOROSCOPY

20. IMAGE ACQUSITION TIME ( CAPTURE) IN FLUORO
1/SEC TO 10/SEC

21. TUBE INTERROGATION TIME
THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE X-RAY TUBE TO BE SWITCHED ON

22. EXTINCTION TIME
THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE X-RAY TUBE TO BE SWITCHED OFF

23. GENERATORS IN DIGITAL FLUOROSCOPY
THREE PHASE
HIGH FREQUENCY
EXTINCTION TIME < 1 ms

24. IN 1980 CCD REPLACED THE CAMERA IN VIDEO SYSTEM

25. I.I. AND CCD
LIGHT
SIGNAL

26. CCD SYSTEM ADVANTAGE OVER CAMERA SYSTEM
HIGH DQE
LOW LEVEL OF ELECTRONIC NOISE
HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION
NO LAG OR BLOOMING
NO MAINTENANCE
UNLIMITED LIFE
UNAFFECTED BY MAGNETIC FIELD
LINEAR RESPONSE
LOWER DOSE

27. RESPONSE OF CCD- LINEAR

28. FUTURE – CCD REPLACED BY SILICON PIXEL DETECTORS

29. VIDEO SYSTEM IN DF
525 LINE SYSTEM

30. IMAGE FORMATION
TEMPORAL SUBTRACTION
ENERGY SUBTRACTION

31. TEMPORAL SUBTRACTION
IMAGE OBTAINED AT ONE TIME IS SUBTRACTED FROM THE IMAGE OBTAINED AT THE LATER TIME

32. ENERGY SUBTRACTION
USES TWO DIFFERENT X-RAY BEAMS ALTERNATELY TO PROVIDE A SUBTRACTION IMAGE RESULTING FROM DIFFERENCES IN PHOTOELECTRIC INTERACTION

33. TEMPORAL S.
ENERGY S.
HYBRID SUBTRACTION

34. TEMPORAL SUBTRACTION

35. SUBTRACTION

36. DOSE

40. DIGITAL FLUOROSCOPY DOSE
½ OF THE CONVENTIONAL I.I. FLUOROSCOPY