1. Structure & Form

2. The way musical ideas are arranged and ordered in a composition Needs to have the right balance of repetition and contrast

3. Two sections of roughly equal length: A B Each section is usually repeated

4. Three sections of roughly equal length: A B A B contrasts with the A sections

5. The main theme (A) keeps on returning, with contrasting sections (episodes) in between A B A C A D A

6. Sounds like a question and answer Common in African music, gospel, blues, and jazz

7. Used in pop music:  Intro - beginning  Outro – beginning & end  Verse – Tells the story  Chorus (refrain) – Focal point; Catchy  Fills – bridge between sections  Middle 8 – contrasting section  12-bar blues

8. Starts with a simple theme, then repeating it but changing/ varying it each time  Changing tempo  Changing rhythm  Tonality (e.g. major to minor)  Adding extra notes/ ornaments  Video: Mozart- ‘Ah! vous dirai je maman’

9.  Recitatives – tells the story, like a narrator  Aria – A tuneful song  Choruses – Everyone sings  Female opera stars called Divas Search YouTube for: Mozart- ‘Ah! vous dirai je maman …video and embed here

10. Minuet is a stately dance from 17 th / 18 th centuries in 3/4 time In ternary structure: A B A Minuet Trio Minuet Trio – thin texture (3 instruments) Video: Example of a minuet

11.  Recitatives – tells the story, like a narrator  Aria – A tuneful song  Choruses – Everyone sings  Female opera stars called Divas Search YouTube for: ‘Minuet’ …video and embed here

12. Same music is repeated for each verses e.g. hymn

13. Opposite of strophic – new music for each verse in the song Music develops, changing to reflect moods/ situations in lyrics

14. Song frequently found in opera In ternary form Aria = ‘air’ (melody) Sung by solo singer, accompanied by orchestra

15. Constant repetition of a fixed number of beats, or melodic pattern During each cycle, can be developed through changes in texture or dynamics Common in Africa, India & Asia e.g. gamelan music Video: Balinese Gamelan music

16.  Recitatives – tells the story, like a narrator  Aria – A tuneful song  Choruses – Everyone sings  Female opera stars called Divas Search YouTube for: ‘Balinese Gamelan Music’ …video and embed here

17. Melody or riff in the bass that is repeated while melody/ harmony changes Featured in all types of music – baroque to pop music Video: ‘Livin’ On A Prayer’

18.  Recitatives – tells the story, like a narrator  Aria – A tuneful song  Choruses – Everyone sings  Female opera stars called Divas Search YouTube for: ‘Bon Jovi – Livin on a Prayer’ …video and embed here

19. Large scale musical form in 3 parts: 1) Exposition: Characters are introduced 2) Development: Develops ideas such as melody & rhythm. It’s dramatic, usually with many key changes 3) Recapitulation: Brings back musical ideas from exposition – ‘rounded off’