1. Warm-up 1.How does the land gained from the Mexican-American War affect the balance of power in the U.S.? 2.How does the Industrial Revolution affect the movement of people into the west?

2. Compromises and the national move towards Civil War

4. Jefferson Davis (Sec. of War) What should become of our new lands? –Slavery? –Free? –Balance of Power? Heavily influences the Pierce administration

5. The Shaky Union 1) The South feared that the North would take control of CONGRESS and SOUTHERNERS began to proclaim states’ rights as a means of self- protection. 2) The North believed that the nation was a UNION and could not be divided. 3) While the Civil War did not begin as a war to abolish SLAVERY, issues surrounding slavery deeply divided the NATION.

6. Issues that Divided the Nation 1) An important issue separating the country related to the power of the FEDERAL government. 2) Southerners felt that they had the power to declare any national law ILLEGAL (nullification). Northerners believed that the national government’s power was SUPREME over that of the states. 3) Southerners felt that the abolition of SLAVERY would destroy their region’s economy. Northerners believed that slavery should be abolished for MORAL reasons.

7. Compromise of 1850 Created in reaction to new lands gained from Mexican-American War Missouri Compromise is inadequate now that U.S. geography has changed

8. 1850 Compromise Agreement North Gets:South Gets: California admitted as a free state No slavery restrictions in Utah or New Mexico territories Slave trade prohibited in Washington D.C. Slaveholding permitted in Washington D.C. Texas loses boundary dispute with New Mexico Texas gets $10 million Fugitive Slave Law

10. Fugitive Slave Laws (1850) 1. No jury trials for blacks 2. Slaves cannot testify against masters 3. Federal commissioners handled all cases –$5 if slaves are freed by the ruling –$10 if ruling in favor of claimant (master)

11. The Abolition Movement

12. The Underground Railroad “Escape” Route from South for runaway slaves

13. Harriet Tubman “Moses”

14. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe Personalized Slavery Sold 3 million copies Banned in the South –“Book of Lies”

15. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Authorized the creation of Kansas and Nebraska Abolished the Mason-Dixon Line (Missouri Compromise) Supported Popular Sovereignty

16. Kansas-Nebraska Act

17. Compromises Attempting to Resolve Differences 1) Missouri Compromise (1820): Missouri entered the Union as a SLAVE state. Maine entered the Union as a FREE state. 2) Compromise of 1850: California entered the Union as a FREE state. Southwest territories would DECIDE about slavery (popular sovereignty). 3) Kansas-Nebraska Act: People in each state would decided the SLAVERY issue (popular sovereignty)

18. Senator David Atchison *Leads 5,000 pro slavery Missourians into Kansas *Attempts to swing slavery vote *Kansas = slave state

19. Bleeding Kansas (1856) Pro-slavery Missourians (in Kansas) attack Lawrence, KS (anti-slavery city) Lawrence is burned, 200 die in total

20. John Brown "These men are all talk. What we need is action—action!"

22. Brooks-Sumner Incident Sen. Charles Sumner (MA) gives anti- slavery speech in the Senate Insults Sen. Andrew Butler (SC) Butler’s nephew, Rep. Preston Brooks (SC) felt his family was insulted Beats Sumner unconscious with his cane

23. Sumner suffers severe brain damage – 3 year coma Brooks receives hundreds of canes to replace the one he broke on Sumner’s head

24. Dred Scott Case (1857) Upheld slavery –Dred Scott sues for his freedom Roger B. Taney (Chief Justice) Rules: –Slaves cannot sue –Slaves are not citizens –Slaves are property –Consequence = Slavery cannot be stopped

26. Final ruling in Dred Scott Case: Missouri Compromise declared unconstitutional (Congress could not ban slavery from any state) Chief Justice Taney

27. Reaction Harper’s Ferry, WV – John Brown leads 21 abolitionists on a raid Raids a federal arsenal – hopes to arm southern slaves to lead rebellion Hoped to establish a base to conduct raids from the Blue Ridge Mountains Captured, executed for treason Became a martyr for the cause

29. “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think, vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done.” –John Brown, written the day of his death.

30. Wrap-up What helps to create the escalation of violence in the 1850s between the free and the slave states? What impact did Uncle Tom’s Cabin have in the U.S? How did John Brown’s death affect people in the U.S.?