1. Disposal Thermal Disposal and Other Methods Adapted from the FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal (2012)

2. Thermal Disposal Methods USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods

3. High-temperature combustion – Diesel fuel, propane, furnace, waste oils – Do NOT use gasoline Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents rendered non-infectious by – Minimum 1560 o F for 15 minutes – Higher temperatures (1830 o F) ideal USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods Thermal Methods Overview

4. Contained environment Fueled by diesel, natural gas, propane Emissions controlled Highly efficient Little residue (ash) High fat carcasses burn more quickly USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods Fixed-Facility Incineration

5. On-site incinerators – Large animal production facilities, vet schools/diagnostic laboratories, etc. – Limited continuous capacity Other waste incineration facilities – Municipal solid waste facilities, etc. – Unlikely to accept animal carcasses Batch feed, and low heating value USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods Fixed-Facility Incineration

6. History of used “Uncontrolled” – Fuel and air inputs not controlled Incomplete/smoky, low-temp combustion Lengthy process May be prohibited by States USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods Open-Air Burning

7. Negative public perception – Use isolated areas – Use trained personnel – Involve fire authorities Open fields, pyres Combustible materials – Hay, straw, dry timbers Ash disposal / pathogen escape USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods Open-Air Burning

8. Combination of forced air and fuel used to burn carcasses or waste – Increased temperature – Accelerated combustion (up to 6x faster than open-air burning) Fan/manifold delivers high-velocity air into metal box or burn pit Mobile or fixed technology USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods Air-Curtain Incineration

9. Systems vary in size and speed of throughput Can produce noise Require fuel – Dry wood – Coal – Diesel (fire and fan) Produces ash USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods Air-Curtain Incineration

10. Other Disposal Procedures USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods

11. Process – High temperatures (steam heat), pressure, and pH (strong base) Solid by-products and sterile aqueous solution produced On-site or fixed location Low carcass capacity, but effective against pathogens such as TSEs USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods Alkaline Hydrolysis

12. Lactic acid fermentation – Ground carcasses mixed with lactic acid bacteria and fermentable carbohydrates – Produces water, methane, CO 2 Does not inactivate prions Process takes 7-10 days Produces odors, store in sealed and controlled-vented containers USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods Anaerobic Digestion

13. Emerging thermal technology – Slow heating occurs in containers Gasification and combustion chambers – Batch or continuous process Converts carcasses into gasses and ash – Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane Process takes up to 12 hours USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods Gasification

14. Electrically generated heat used to ionize compressed air High temperatures (7000°C +) Water is vaporized Reduces biomass by 97% Converts carcasses to rock-like solid residue – Resistant to leaching USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods Plasma Vitrification

15. FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines & SOP: Disposal (2012) – http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_ health/emergency_management/ http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_ health/emergency_management/ Disposal web-based training module – http://naherc.sws.iastate.edu/ http://naherc.sws.iastate.edu/ USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods For More Information

16. Authors Reneé Dewell, DVM, MS (CFSPH) Tom Glanville, PhD (Iowa State University) Significant contributions to the content were provided by USDA APHIS VS: Lori P. Miller, PE Darrel K. Styles, DVM, PhD USDA APHIS and CFSPHFAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Disposal - Thermal Disposal and Other Methods Guidelines Content

17. Acknowledgments Development of this presentation was by the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University through funding from the USDA APHIS Veterinary Services PPT Author: Kerry Leedom Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACVPM Reviewers: Janice Mogan, DVM; Reneé Dewell DVM, MS