1. Chapter 12: The Crusades and Culture
Medieval Christianity

2. A Papal Monarchy What is the Role of the Pope in the Middle Ages?
Supremacy over Church affairs
Political control over the Papal States
What was the role of the feudal system in the Church?
Nobles would post bishops in their region
Bishops would then become vassals and give military service
Because it was done through nobles and not the church, bishops usually had little spiritual desires

3. Reform of the Papacy Who was Gregory VIII? Elected Pope in 1073 AD
Felt that God chose him to reform the Church
Fought against lay investiture
Secular rulers choosing church officials
Felt a need of separation between church and state
Believed the Pope’s power extended over all Christian lands
Believed Pope had Supreme Rule over all
They had authority to remove both church officials and secular rulers as well
Papal Decree: 1075AD
No secular rulers could elect high ranking clergy

4. Reform of the Papacy Who was Callixtus II? Who was Innocent III?
Reformed the rules of Gregory VIII
Concordat of Worms (1122AD)
The Church elects the Bishops
Bishops are then required to pay homage to a King as his lord
Keeps Feudal System around but allows for the Church to have control of clergy
Who was Innocent III?
Pope that claimed Papal Supremacy
The Church has supreme power over all
Establishment of Interdicts
Sacraments were limited to select groups of people
Idea was to put pressure on rulers to follow Papal rule

5. Chapter 12: Crusades and Culture
The Crusades ( AD)

6. The Early Crusades What were the Crusades? How did they start?
Holy wars
Military conquests attempting to free Jerusalem (Holy City)
Controlled by the Seljuk Turks (Muslims)
How did they start?
Council of Clermont (1095AD)
Pope Urban II
Asked Christians to take up weapons
All crimes committed during Crusades would be forgiven by the Church

7. The Early Crusades The First Crusade (1096-1099AD)
Made up mainly of French warriors
Crusade that involved the capturing of multiple cities in the region
1098AD: Captured the City of Antioch
June 1099AD: Captured Jerusalem
Massacred the residents of Jerusalem in the process
Result: Divided the region (Asia Minor) into 4 “Crusader States”
Godfrey de Bouillon was named leader of Jerusalem

8. The Early Crusades The Second Crusade (1145-1149AD)
Region remains somewhat quiet in the decades following the First Crusade
1145: Seljuk Turks begin their retaliation against the Crusader States
One by one the kingdoms begin to fall
Turks led by the military leader Saladin
Eventually takes over the entire region as ruler
Louis VII (France) and Conrad III (Germany) enter the Crusade to help maintain the city of Jerusalem
Eventually in 1187AD, Jerusalem falls to Saladin

9. The Later Crusades The Third Crusade (1189-1192AD)
Also known as the “King’s Crusade”
3 Kings send forces to the Holy Land
Frederick Barbarossa (Germany)
Richard the Lionhearted (England)
Philip II Augustus (France)
Was an absolute disaster
Frederick died during the journey there
Richard was able to negotiate access to Jerusalem for those going on pilgrimages

10. The Later Crusades The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204AD) Pope Innocent III
After the death of Saladin, Pope urged warriors to go fight for the Holy Land
Warriors from Venice
Before they went to Jerusalem, the attacked Constantinople
Ransacked the city
Led to the Byzantine Empire losing control of all land except for Constantinople

11. The Effects of the Crusades
How did the Crusades change Europe?
Led to the end of the Feudal System
Gave us the first widespread attack on the Jewish people
Led to the increased prosperity of the Italian port cities
Began to create nations in Europe (Spain, France, England)

12. Chapter 12: Culture and the Crusades
Late Middle Ages

13. The Black Death What was going on at the time?
“Little Ice Age”
Decrease in average temperatures around the world
Happened at the end of the 13th century
Leads to shorter growing seasons and food shortages
Leads to malnutrition and weakened immune systems
What was the Black Death?
Bubonic Plague (Began in 1347)
Caused by fleas found on black rats (Bacterial Infection)
Began in Kaffa (Present day Ethiopia)

14. The Black Death How did it spread? What were the results?
Plague used the trading routes to spread across Europe
Began in Southern Europe
Eventually made its way up to Germany and other regions away from the Mediterranean
What were the results?
Nearly one-third of Europe’s population died (25 million dead)
Italy was hit the hardest of all
What were the reactions of the people?
Anti-Semitism
People believed God cursed them and therefore blamed the Jews

15. The Black Death What were the consequences of the Black Death?
Due to the large loss of life, the following areas were affected:
Major Decline in Trade
Decline in People working
Decrease in Prices for food (Why?
End of the serfs and Feudalism

16. Decline of Church Power
The Popes of Avignon ( AD)
The decision to move the Papacy from Rome to Avignon (France)
Creates problem because the Bishop of Rome is Pope
Why?
There is a dispute in taxation
Can Kings tax the clergy?
King Philip IV says yes
Pope Boniface says no (Pope is supreme law)
Pope Gregory XI
Gets fed up with the whole situation
Decides to move the Papacy back to Rome

17. The Great Schism What was the Great Schism? (1378-1417AD)
Time period when there were 2 popes at once
Urban VI (Italian)- Rome
Clement VII (French)- Avignon
All revolves around a battle for power
Created alliances
France and Allies (Clement) vs. England and Allies (Urban)
The tear grew to where a 3rd Pope was elected
Council of Constance
Ended the Schism once and for all
Papacy remained in Rome
Executed those that spoke out against church issues (John Hus)

18. The Hundred Years War 1346-1453 France vs. England Struggle over land
England had control of Gasony (France) on the mainland
France wanted to take it over
1337: Philip VI (France) took over Gasony
King Edward III declared war

19. The Hundred Years War Both sides relied on Cavalry (Horseback riders)
The English also used foot soldiers
1346: Battle of Crecy
The French were unorganized and had no battle plan
The English took advantage and crushed them
England’s archers took out most of the French soldiers
1415: Battle at Agincourt
Much of the same as Crecy
French lost 1,500 noblemen

20. The Hundred Years War Joan of Arc 17 years old
Had a vision from saint telling her to free France
She joins the war and becomes a turning point for the French army
1430: Captured by the English and charged with witchcraft
Burned at the stake
However she rallied the French to victory over the next 20 years

21. Political Recovery from the Middle Ages
France
After war, sense of nationalism developed
Louis XI (The Spider)
Established a taille
Annual tax on property
Gave government a steady flow of income
Expanded France to include Anjou, Provence, and Maine

22. Political Recovery from the Middle Ages
England
Defeat in war led to instability and the War of the Roses
Different groups of nobles tried to take throne
Tudor dynasty established
Abolished all private armies
Found favor with many for having a limited number of taxes
Spain
Ferdinand and Isabelle
Married 1469 and brought together the 2 dominant cultures in Spain
Established a Catholic dynasty
Expelled all Muslims out of the area