2. The Kingdom of Italy was ruled by Napoleon, Naples by his brother-in- law and Rome by the Pope

3. The Congress of Vienna restored the states and old monarchies in 1815

4. Nationalism began to rise with groups like the secret Carbonari

5. Three ideas for unification emerged: Republic, Monarchy, The Pope

6. Giuseppe Mazzini formed the Young Italy movement in 1831 to drive out foreign rule and create a Republic of Italy

7. King Victor Emmanuel I The Kingdom of Sardinia became the hope of monarchists

8. The ‘Neo-Guelphs’ favored unification under the Pope Vincenzo Gioberti Pope Pius IX

9. 1848: Italian Nationalists rose in revolt against state governments

10. Mazzini and Garibaldi declared the Republic of Italy in Rome, 1848

11. The Revolutions of 1848-49 failed: The French restored Pope Pius IX; Austria regained Lombardy and Venetia

12. Count Camilo di Cavour, Prime Minister of Sardinia, became the leader of the pragmatic movement to unite Italy

13. Cavour’s goal: Unite Italy under the Constitutional Monarchy of Sardinia

14. Cavour and Sardinia allied with Napoleon III and France to drive Austria out of Italy

15. 1859: France and Sardinia drove Austria out of Lombardy

16. Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was crowned King of Italy, March 1861

17. Garibaldi and his Red Shirts conquered Sicily and Naples

18. Garibaldi met Victor Emmanuel II; Naples was annexed to Italy

19. British cartoon showing the roles of Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel II in uniting Italy Right foot in the boot this time.

20. After the Seven Weeks’ War, 1866, Italy gained Venetia as the ally of victorious Prussia

21. The French army remained in Italy until France declared war on Prussia, July 1870

22. When the French withdrew, the Papal States were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy, September 1870

23. Pope Pius IX refused to recognize the annexation of the Papal States. He considered himself to be the ‘Prisoner of the Vatican’. “I must surrender the sword, my son, but I keep the keys!”

24. . Italy and the Vatican settled their differences in the Lateran Pact of 1929.

25. Cavour: “The Head” Garibaldi: “The Sword” Mazzini: “The Soul” Victor Emmanuel II: “The Sovereign”

26. Summary of Italian Unification Nationalism was set in motion by Napoleonic Wars Congress of Vienna re-established separate states; Austria became the dominant power Piedmont-Sardinia emerged as the state to lead Italian unification Giuseppe Mazzini was the inspiring leader of Italian Nationalism Giuseppe Garibaldi was the untiring, dedicated creator of the force that created Italy Camilo Benso di Cavour was the practitioner of realpolitik who made the practical moves necessary for unification; Constitutional monarchy was the compromise Uprisings, revolutions and wars in 1820, 1830, 1848, 1859-60, 1866, 1870 and 1915-18 created the nation Not until 1929 were Italy and the Catholic Church reconciled

27. The Italian peninsula in 1859

28. Italy in 1870