1. CHAPTER 7 The Presidency

2. Learning Objectives Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 2 Identify the past traits of presidents; assess the requirements for holding the position Describe the process by which presidents may be impeached and removed from office; know the order of presidential succession Trace the evolution of the presidency from “chief clerk” in the late 18th and 19th centuries to eventual political dominance

3. Learning Objectives Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 3 Explain how the modern presidency has persevered in the recent era of divisiveness Define the formal powers vested in the president under Article II of the Constitution Explain how presidents use the veto, appointment and removal, and the pardon Define the powers and limits of the president as commander in chief

4. Learning Objectives Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 4 Discuss the implied powers of the presidency not spelled out in the Constitution, including executive orders and agreements Describe the other individuals and offices in the executive branch that contribute to the modern presidency Assess how the power of the presidency is enhanced by communications with the public, the Congress, and the media

5. Where Do Presidents Come From? Presidential Comings and Goings Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 5  Prerequisites  “Natural born” citizen  At least 35 years of age  Resident in the U.S. for at least 14 years  All U.S. presidents have been  White (except Obama) and male  42 to 77 years of age  Christians

6. Where Do Presidents Come From? Presidential Comings and Goings Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 6  Washington established a two-term precedent  Unchallenged until FDR’s election to 4 terms  Twenty-second Amendment  Restricts the presidency to two and a half terms

7. Where Do Presidents Come From? Presidential Comings and Goings Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 7  Impeachment  Majority vote of the House  Conviction by two-thirds of the Senate  “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors”  Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton  Impeached but not convicted or removed  Richard Nixon  Resigned

8. The Evolution of the American Presidency Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 8  Chief executive powerful enough to respond quickly  Limited by lack of lawmaking power  Need for congressional approval  Evolved through practice, tradition, and personal energy of presidents

9. The Evolution of the American Presidency Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 9  President as “Chief Clerk” 1789-1836  Presidents after Washington acted as “clerks”  Served Congress’s bidding  Performed administrative duties  Andrew Jackson remade office into a tremendous political power

10. The Evolution of the American Presidency Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 10  Weakened Presidency in Wilderness Years  Pre-Civil War presidents after Jackson were weak  President as chief clerk emerged again  James K. Polk  Only effective president during this period  Presided over significant westward expansion

11. The Evolution of the American Presidency Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 11  Abraham Lincoln  Confronted with state secessions and the Civil War  Took bold, unprecedented acts  Reinterpreted Article II  After Lincoln’s assassination, Congress reasserted control

12. The Evolution of the American Presidency Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 12

13. The Evolution of the American Presidency Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 13  Birth of Modern Presidency and Its Rise to Dominance  Theodore Roosevelt  Ushered in a new era of presidential authority  Gambled political capital on bold assertions of power  First president to travel to foreign lands

14. The Evolution of the American Presidency Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 14  Franklin Delano Roosevelt  Transformed presidency into an institution  New Deal policies  Dominant in national and world affairs  Imperial presidency took root

15. The Evolution of the American Presidency Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 15  Imperial Presidency Comes Under Attack  Presidential authority greatest in national security  Waging the Cold War consumed presidential energy  Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy focused on containing communist threat

16. The Evolution of the American Presidency Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 16  Lyndon Johnson  Great Society  Presidents after Johnson came under attack  Richard Nixon  Jimmy Carter

17. The Evolution of the American Presidency Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 17  Redefining the Presidency in Divisiveness  Ronald Reagan  Return of the chief executive as an unmatched force  Legislative success despite a Democratic House  George H. W. Bush  Tax legislation  Iraq war

18. The Evolution of the American Presidency Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 18  Redefining the Presidency in Divisiveness  Bill Clinton  Co-opted Republican programs  George W. Bush  War on Terror  Obama  Democratic majorities in Congress  Little Republican support

19. Express Powers and Responsibilities of the President Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 19  Constitution lists four specific presidential powers (expressed)  Commander-in-chief  Grant reprieves and pardons  Treaties (subject to Senate approval)  Certain appointments (subject to Senate approval)

20. Express Powers and Responsibilities of the President Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 20  Head of State  Formal duties and obligations on behalf of the U.S.  “State dinners”  Recognition of ambassadors and foreign governments

21. Express Powers and Responsibilities of the President Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 21

22. Express Powers and Responsibilities of the President Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 22  Chief Executive and Head of Government  Sole responsibility to execute U.S. laws  Powers of appointment and removal  Reprieve  Pardon

23. Express Powers and Responsibilities of the President Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 23  Chief Diplomat  Power to negotiate and execute treaties  Chief Legislator  Involved in nearly every stage of federal lawmaking  State of the Union Address  White House Office of Legislative Affairs  Vetoes  Signing statement

24. Signing Statements, from Washington through Obama Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 24

25. Express Powers and Responsibilities of the President Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 25  Commander in Chief  President is principal military leader  Formulates/directs strategy and policy  Congress must “declare war”  War Powers Resolution limits presidential power

26. Vetoes Issued by Modern Presidents Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 26

27. Implied Powers and Responsibilities of the President Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 27  Crisis Manager  Respond quickly and effectively to crises  Party Leader  Decisions reflect on the party as a whole  Executive Order  Rule or regulation that has the force of law  Executive Agreement  Pact, written or oral, with a foreign government

28. Presidential Resources Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 28  Vice President  Key adviser and executive branch official  The Cabinet  Provide input on issues related to their departments  Executive Office and White House Staff  Management and administration of executive branch departments  The First Lady  Social and political obligations

29. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 29  President and the Public  Modern presidents engage the public for support  Support increases chances for legislation to pass  Drops in public support may stop a program Important Presidential Relationships

30. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 30 Important Presidential Relationships

31. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 31  President and Congress  Presidents have a large role in legislative process  Presidential Congressional tools  Campaigning for Congressional candidates  Personal contacts with members  Office of Congressional Relations  Rewards Important Presidential Relationships

32. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 32  President and the Media  Most effective channel to communicate with the public  White House Press Secretary  Holds most of the responsibility  White House Director of Communications  Consistent and effective message Important Presidential Relationships