1. Government Policies Early Constitutional References * Representation Supreme Court Rulings * Dred Scott State Policies * Slave Codes Amendments * 13 th and 14 th

2. Slavery’s Aftermath The period of reconstruction 1867-1877The period of reconstruction 1867-1877 –Military Governors –Black participation in the political process –Fifteenth Amendment ratified 1870

3. Slavery’s Aftermath The emergence of segregation laws (Jim Crow)The emergence of segregation laws (Jim Crow) Supreme court decisions and segregationSupreme court decisions and segregation –Plessy v. Ferguson –Williams v. Mississippi White primary electionsWhite primary elections

4. Reparations For Slavery Slavery reparations- act of making amends for the injustices of slaverySlavery reparations- act of making amends for the injustices of slavery –An official apology –Financial compensation –Corporations that benefit from slavery and financial compensation Commission to study appropriate remediesCommission to study appropriate remedies

5. Political Leadership Booker T. Washington Born a slave on a Virginia plantationBorn a slave on a Virginia plantation Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, AlabamaTuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama Politics of accommodationPolitics of accommodation Self help and economic self determinationSelf help and economic self determination

6. W.E.B. DuBois Born to a free family in MassachusettsBorn to a free family in Massachusetts First African-American to receive a Doctorate from HarvardFirst African-American to receive a Doctorate from Harvard Niagara MovementNiagara Movement Racism as the problem of WhitesRacism as the problem of Whites Advocated the policy of the talented tenthAdvocated the policy of the talented tenth Political Leadership

7. DuBois - and the NAACPDuBois - and the NAACP Black consciousness “ Soul of Black Folks”Black consciousness “ Soul of Black Folks” Du Bois and Atlanta UniversityDu Bois and Atlanta University –Study of African Americans in the South Political Leadership

8. The Exodus Northward Demographic shift of Blacks from the South to the West and North during the early part of the Twentieth CenturyDemographic shift of Blacks from the South to the West and North during the early part of the Twentieth Century 1. The search for a better economic opportunities Life in the North was economically better than in the agrarian South Life in the North was economically better than in the agrarian South 2. Escape racial apartheid and violence in the South

9. The Civil Rights Movement Desegregation of public schools.Desegregation of public schools. De jure segregationDe jure segregation –NAACP - Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas, and U. S. Supreme Court decision –James Meredith (1962) University of Mississippi

10. Major Events of the Civil Rights Movement

11. Civil Disobedience Rosa Parks - December 1, 1955 and the Montgomery Alabama bus boycottRosa Parks - December 1, 1955 and the Montgomery Alabama bus boycott Martin Luther King, Jr. - Montgomery Improvement AssociationMartin Luther King, Jr. - Montgomery Improvement Association King and civil disobedience as means to bring about political and real changeKing and civil disobedience as means to bring about political and real change –People have the right (moral duty) to disobey unjust laws

12. Black Power Black consciousness and power movement emerged out of continued deprivationBlack consciousness and power movement emerged out of continued deprivation –Black Power movement of the 1960’s - (Charmichael) primary focus was on political and economic self determination –Black Pride –Black Panther Party - founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, California

13. The Religious Force Religion has always been a source of political change and spiritual strength from slavery to the presentReligion has always been a source of political change and spiritual strength from slavery to the present Most African Americans are over-whelmingly ProtestantMost African Americans are over-whelmingly Protestant The Nation of Islam, or Black Muslims, has attracted a large number of followers and received the most attentionThe Nation of Islam, or Black Muslims, has attracted a large number of followers and received the most attention

15. Black Population, 2000

16. Cities with Populations of 100,000 or More That are at Least 50% African American, 2000 CityPopulation Percent African American Atlanta, Ga. 416,474 61.4% Baltimore, Md. 651,154 64.3 Birmingham, Ala. 242,820 73.5 Detroit, Mich. 951,270 81.6 Gary, Ind. 102,746 84.0 Jackson, Miss. 184,256 70.6 Memphis, Tenn. 650,100 61.4 Newark, N.J. 273,546 53.5 New Orleans, La. 484,674 67.3 Richmond, Va. 197,790 57.2 Savannah, Ga. 131,510 57.1 Washington, D.C. 572,059 60.0 CityPopulation Percent African American Atlanta, Ga. 416,474 61.4% Baltimore, Md. 651,154 64.3 Birmingham, Ala. 242,820 73.5 Detroit, Mich. 951,270 81.6 Gary, Ind. 102,746 84.0 Jackson, Miss. 184,256 70.6 Memphis, Tenn. 650,100 61.4 Newark, N.J. 273,546 53.5 New Orleans, La. 484,674 67.3 Richmond, Va. 197,790 57.2 Savannah, Ga. 131,510 57.1 Washington, D.C. 572,059 60.0

17. Black-White Income Gap

18. Religious Profile of African Americans

19. Politics The number of Black elected officials between 1970 and 2001 has increased by more than five-foldThe number of Black elected officials between 1970 and 2001 has increased by more than five-fold –Population concentration and election patterns Gerrymandering the courts and minority controlled political districtsGerrymandering the courts and minority controlled political districts

20. Education Quality and quantity of educationQuality and quantity of education Educational gap between between Blacks and WhitesEducational gap between between Blacks and Whites –Always been present –Gap is narrowing in recent years

22. Education There are also a number of qualitative differences in the schooling of African American childrenThere are also a number of qualitative differences in the schooling of African American children –insensitive teachers and unresponsive administrators –poor counseling –overcrowded classes –irrelevant curricula –poor school facilities

23. School Segregation De jure patterns of segregation - according to policy or law children were assigned to schools on the basis of raceDe jure patterns of segregation - according to policy or law children were assigned to schools on the basis of race –U.S Supreme Court decision in 1954 - Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas. De facto educational segregationDe facto educational segregation –Income and residential segregation

24. Tracking - school isolation and internal segregationTracking - school isolation and internal segregation –Tracking and lower academic standards and achievement –Lower tracks results in lack of college preparedness School Segregation

25. Higher Education Over the years there has been an increase in African - American students going to college and graduatingOver the years there has been an increase in African - American students going to college and graduating Upward trend to higher education has declined and in part is a function ofUpward trend to higher education has declined and in part is a function of –decline in educational financial aid –push for higher standards –employment opportunities –negative publicity and a decline in enforcement of affirmative action –racial incidents on college campuses

26. The Economic Picture Approximately 29% of African-Americans are middle class or higherApproximately 29% of African-Americans are middle class or higher In 2003 the median income of Black households was $29,681 and White non-Hispanic households had a median income of $45,631In 2003 the median income of Black households was $29,681 and White non-Hispanic households had a median income of $45,631 Twenty-four percent of Black families live in poverty in comparison to 8% of White non- Hispanic familiesTwenty-four percent of Black families live in poverty in comparison to 8% of White non- Hispanic families The disparity in wealth between Blacks and Whites is greater than for incomeThe disparity in wealth between Blacks and Whites is greater than for income

27. Income Distribution: Black Versus White

28. Comparing Wealth

29. Employment National unemployment rate is higher for Blacks than WhitesNational unemployment rate is higher for Blacks than Whites –More severe during economic downturns or recessions –Worse for African-Americans between the ages of 16-24 –Underemployment-working in a job in which one is over qualified

31. Employment Factors related to the rate of unemployment among African-AmericansFactors related to the rate of unemployment among African-Americans –High concentration of African-Americans in depressed central city economies –Increased job competition from other immigrant groups and white middle-class women –Illegal job opportunities

32. Housing Factors that contribute to housing segregation.Factors that contribute to housing segregation. 1. Personal prejudices 2. Steering by real estate companies 3. Lack of vigorous enforcement of anti-bias legislation 4. Public housing policies and patterns of construction. 5. Bank financial and loan bias 6. Persistence of redlining 7. Zoning laws and residential segregation

33. Criminal Justice Victimization surveys: African-Americans are more likely to be victims of violent crime and property crimeVictimization surveys: African-Americans are more likely to be victims of violent crime and property crime Differential justiceDifferential justice –police protection –racial profiling –sentencing –victim discounting

34. Health Care High rates of diseaseHigh rates of disease –In part function of class and less access to health care resources –Fewer Black health care professionals –Environmental racism: more likely to live in toxic environments

36. Intergroup Relations Continuum