1. Plants: Grouped by characteristics
Vascular
Three main parts: roots, stems and leaves
Roots can be different sizes:
Fibrous and tap roots
Storage roots; beets, carrots, sweet potatoes and turnips
Roots have different functions: anchoring the plant, taking in water and minerals, and store food.
Nonvascular
Simple; most grow in moist places
No vascular tissues.

2. Vascular Plants: Stems
Function of stems
Support, transport of water & food
Most stems grow upward
Some stems grow sideward
Types of stems
Green
Woody
Transport of materials
Xylem & phloem

3. Vascular Plants: Leaves
Leaves come in variety of shapes and sizes
Leaves are arranged in different ways

4. Plants reproduce differently
Reproduce – it means “to make more of the same kind”
Plants reproduce differently
Plants are classified by characteristics.
Plants that make seeds
Plants that do not make seeds
Flowering Plants
Conifers
Ferns
Mosses

5. a protective covering that surrounds the seed
makes seeds.
makes the plant's food.
anchor the plant in place and absorb water and other minerals from the soil.
carries water and food to the rest of the plant.

6. Basic Plant Structure

7. Some flowering plants are
monocot seed – a seed that has one seed leaf and stored food outside the seed leaf
dicot seed – a seed that has two seed leaves that contain stored food

8. Parts of a seed Dicot Monocot Seed coat Hypocotyl Epicotyl Cotyledons
Endosperm
Radicle
Cotyledon
Dicot
Monocot

9. Seed Germination
Monocot
Dicot
Hypogeous
Epigeous
Radicle

10. Leaf Morphology

11. Leaf Morphology

12. Structure: Leaf Types

13. Structure: Leaf Venation

14. Structure: Leaf Arrangement

15. Woody Plant Stem
Stern 2006

16. Woody Stem Structure

17. What are the critical parts of a tree?
Xylem (earlywood/latewood)
Bark
Cambium/Phloem

18. Wood Plant Stem
Stern 2006

19. ANGIOSPERMS
The flowering plants
Spring crocus Crocus vernus

20. Flower structure Flowers are reproductive structures
The have evolved to send and receive pollen from one flower to another
This is process of pollination
Flowers are developed from a series of modified leaves
These leaves are arranged in a rings (whorls)

21. Flower structure
Dog rose Rosa canina

22. Structure of flowers
Flowers are composed of four whorls. From the outside in, they are:
Calyx (sepals)
Corolla (petals)
Androecium (stamens)
Gynoecium (pistils)

23. Flower Morphology

24. Flower structure
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Petal
Sepal
Filament
Anther

25. Calyx (sepals) Outermost whorl Usually green
Protects developing flower
Physically
Chemically
Made up of SEPALS
Sepals free or not
Calyx radially or bilaterally symmetric

26. Corolla (petals) Is usually colorful and showy; Attracts pollinators
Guides pollinators;
Is composed of petals
Petals may be united or separate;
Corolla may be radially or bilaterally symmetric.

27. Androecium (stamens) Is composed of stamens
Stamens have filaments and anthers
Pollen is produced in anthers
Stamens can be free or united

28. Gynoecium (pistils) Is composed of pistils
A pistil is composed of an ovary, style, and stigma.
Styles may be separate, branched, or united
Pistils have a slide of their own – just wait

29. Structure: Flowers- missing parts
Floral Parts Structure Reproduction
Sepals, Petals, Complete Perfect
Stamens, Pistil
Sepals, Stamens, Incomplete Perfect
Pistil
Sepals, Stamens Incomplete Imperfect

30. Structure- Compound Flower/ Sunflower

31. Structure- Flower- Compound Pistil/ Strawberry

32. Structure: Flower Parts

33. How Do Flowers Make Seeds and Fruits?
Ovary – the bottom part of the pistil in which seeds form
Ovule - the inner part of an ovary that contains an egg
embryo – tiny part of a seed that can grow into a new plant

34. How Seeds Form
After fertilization the flower dries up and petals fall off, leaving just the pistil and its ovary.
The top of the pistil falls off and the ovary gets larger as one or more seeds form inside it.
When the seeds are formed, the ovary dries up and the seeds fall out.
Corn, Beans, and Peas are seeds that we eat

35. How Fertilization Occurs
When a pollen grain reaches a pistil, it grows a thin tube to the ovary. Sperm from the pollen grain combines with an egg, and a seed forms.
Fertilization – the combination of sperm from a pollen grain with an egg to form a seed

36. How Pollination Occurs
Butterflies may carry pollen from the stamen of one flower to the pistil of the the same flower. Sometimes the butterfly may carry pollen from the stamen of one flower to the pistil of another flower of the same kind.
Pollination- the movement of pollen from a stamen to a pistil

37. Types of pollination Wind Animal Water
Bumble bee Bombus hortorum on red clover Trifolium pratense
Yorkshire fog grass Holcus lanatus

38. Animal pollination Usually insects Also other flying animals
e.g. hummingbirds or fruit bats
Cerambycid beetle pollinating bramble Rubus fruticosus

39. Pollination Pollen grains contain the male gametes of the plant
Yellow archangel Lamiastrum galobdolon being pollinated by a bumble bee Bombus hortorum
Pollen grains contain the male gametes of the plant
They are picked up by a pollinator and transferred to another flower
Plants tend to specialise in pollinators
This ensures the pollen is delivered to same species of plant

40. Pollination
Small skipper Thymelicus flavus on marsh thistle Cirsium palustris

41. Pollination
The honey bee Apis melifera on marsh thistle Cirsium palustris

42. Pollination
Some flowers are highly specialised to encourage only one type of insect
Fox glove flowers Digitalis purpurea

43. Pollination Most species of flowering plants are hermaphroditic
Pollen from a flower could land on the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant = self pollination
Pollen transferred from the anther on one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different plant = cross pollination

44. Fertilisation Pollination ≠ Fertilisation
The male gamete (the male nucleus) has to get to the egg cell
The egg cell lies in an ovule in an ovary at the centre of the plant
The pollen grain germinates on the stigma
It grows a pollen tube down the style
It male nuclei travel down the pollen tube to the ovule

45. Fertilisation Pollen grain Stigma Style Ovule Embryo sac Ovary
Pollen tube
Ovary

46. Fertilisation
Egg cell
Polar nuclei
Embryo sac
Micropyle

47. Fertilisation
Pollen grains of the daisy Bellis perennis

48. Fertilisation
Germinating pollen grains of blue bell, Hyacinthoides non-scripta

49. The double fertilisation
Pollen tube
Pollen tube entering micropyle
Male nucleus + egg cell
= zygote (2n)
Male nucleus + 2 polar nuclei = endosperm nucleus (3n)
Ovule
Nucellus

50. From flower to fruit
Marsh marigold Caltha palustris

51. Fruits and seed dispersal
Animal dispersal Strawberry Fragaria vesca
Explosive dispersal
Bird’s foot trefoil
Lotus corniculatus
Animal dispersal
Wood avens
Geum urbanum
Wind dispersal
Ragwort Senecio