1. The Italian and Northern Renaissance 1450-1550

2. Key Terms/People Renaissance Quattrocento City-states Pagan Medici Family da Vinci Michelangelo Petrarch Boccaccio Baldassare Castiglione Niccolo Machiavelli Titian Desiderius Erasmus Thomas More Johann Gutenberg Albrecht Durer Elizabethan Age Secularism Humanism individualism

3. Italian Renaissance By the 15 th century Northern Italian towns had expanded into independent city-states Proximity to the sea Middlemen for international trade – Ties to Asia

4. The Major City States Republic of Florence Republic of Genoa Duchy of Milan Rome and the Papal States Naples and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Venice and the Venetian Republic

5. The Medici Family Merchants and bankers in Florence – Ignored Church's prohibition on money-lending Giovanni de’ Medici (d. 1429) Cosimo de’ Medici (1389-1464) Lorenze the Magnificent (1449-1492) Two popes, many cardinals, two queens of France

6. Individualism Man is the measure of all tings Human power replaced religious awe – BUT NOT RELIGION ITSELF! The Renaissance Man – An all-around man – Skilled with the pen, the brush, and the sword – A lover, poet, painter, scientist, engineer, conversationalist

7. The Arts as an Expression of Individualism Before Renaissance, the Church was the great patron of the arts – Now merchants and rulers Greco-Roman symmetry Classical columns, arches, domes Freestanding sculpture

8. The Arts as an Expression of Individualism Painting was religiously-themed, but radically different from medieval works Oil paints, fresco, three-dimensional perspective Less symbolic and more representational Light and shadow, classical nudes, depth and movement

9. Humanism Literary movement Different from Middle Ages – Subject = politics and personal matters – Practitioners = laypeople Written in vernacular Dante, Boccaccio, Castiglione, Machiavelli

10. The Northern Renaissance Germany, England, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Holland Emergence of market economies More secular than Italian Renaissance Christian Humanism – Foundation of Protestant Reformation

11. Science and Technology Printing press – Interchangeable moveable type Major factor in Reformation

12. Mysticism The belief that the individual alone, unaided by the Church, could communicate with God Thomas a Kempis – Imitation of Christ Gerard Groote – Brothers of the Common Life Personal virtue contrasted with smugness of the clergy

13. Desiderius Erasmus 1456-1536 “The Christian Gentleman” Disdained the Middle Ages and admired classical antiquity Called for gradual reform, distrusted the common people, disdained violence Critic of royal and Church abuses

14. Northern Renaissance Art Portraits and woodcuts No fresco Albercht Durer Peter Brueghel the Elder Focused on the lives of ordinary people

15. England End of the Tudor dynasty – Henry VIII/Thomas More Elizabethan Age Intense nationalism Christopher Marlowe Francis Bacon William Shakespeare

16. France Strengthened after Hundred Years War (1337- 1453) Centralized government – Reduced power of the nobility taille – direct head tax on all land and property

17. Spain Extreme Catholic orthodoxy Xenophobia Expulsion of the Jews and Muslims Miguel de Cervantes – Don Quixote Painters – El Greco, Diego Velazquez

18. Low Countries Banking and commerce Jan van Eyck Rembrandt van Rijn Hieronymus Bosch Peter Brueghel the Elder Albrecht Durer

19. Renaissance Women and Minorities Loss of status for upper/merchant class women Penalty for rape changed from castration to a fine paid to the victim’s father or husband Women banned from guilds Status of peasant women remained stable Origins of racial bias against African servant