3. The Renaissance was a time of renewal
Renaissance means rebirth and Europe was recovering from the Dark ages and the plague.
People had lost their faith in the church and began to put more focus on human beings.

4. What was the Renaissance?
What was the Renaissance, and where did it begin?
Italy
Italian Cities
Urban Societies
Major Trading Centers
Secular
Moved away from life in the church
Focuses more on material objects and enjoying life

5. I. Why in Italy at this Time?
Revival of Commerce and Town Building was more intense in Italy
Feudalism had less of a grip on Italy
Two competing lords for control of Italy were losing influence
Presence of antiquity was stronger in Italy than elsewhere in Europe

6. How did the Crusades contribute to the Renaissance?
• Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
• Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets
• Encouraged the use of credit and banking
• Church rule against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy.
• Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade.
• New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced.

7. Major Italian Cities Adriatic Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Venice Milan Genoa
Italy failed to become united during the Ages.
Many independent city-states emerged in northern and central Italy that played an important role in Italian politics and art.
Milan
One of the richest cities, it controls trade through the Alps.
Milan
Venice
Venice
Sitting on the Adriatic, it attracts trade from all over the world.
Genoa
Florence
Florence
Controlled by the De Medici Family, who became great patrons of the arts.
Adriatic Sea
Genoa
Had Access to Trade Routes
Tyrrhenian Sea
All of these cities:
Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets
• Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe
• Were initially independent city-states governed as republics

8. II. European Economic Recovery
Dramatic recovery of European commerce
Important industries flourish in Northern Italy
The significance of printing and mining as new industries
The fifteenth-century banking empire of the Medici family in Florence

9. III. Renaissance Economics (cont)
“Cottage Industry”
Intensified commercial competition created the need to be efficient
Art became the way to advertise economic success

10. IV. Renaissance Society
Renaissance is an elitist historical phenomenon
Northern Italy was urban and commercial while Southern Italy mostly was not
Very family-oriented society
Marriages were frequently arranged to strengthen business ties

11. IV. Renaissance Society (cont)
Extreme social stratification divided into factions around the wealthiest families
Poor increasingly attempting to improve their social status
--The Ciompi Revolt (1378)
-- “populo minuto”
“The Cult of the Individual”

12. IV. Renaissance Society (cont)
Number of portraits painted during this era illustrates focus on the individual
A true nobleman
Growing humanism and secularism in a Christian context
Humanism -Study of classical culture through worldly subjects rather than religious issues.
Focus on man’s free will
Rewards for living excellently came in this life

13. V. Renaissance Politics
Same pattern and problems as those of the Greek city-states
Inter-city warfare led to new advances in diplomacy
-- “balance of power”
Northern Italian “communes”
The Peace of Lodi (1454)

14. V. Renaissance Politics (cont)
Niccolo Machiavelli ( )
-- “The Prince”
The goal of the prince must be power
Cynical view of human nature
Fear is a better motivator than affection
Politics as the art of deception

15. The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature. By looking at art one can usually make some assumptions as to what the people of time were thinking, what they valued as important. What were the important beliefs of those who produced art during the Renaissance time period?

16. * Renaissance Artists embraced some of the ideals of Greece & Rome in their art (realism, focus on humanity and emotion).
* New Techniques emerged:
-Frescos: Painting done on wet plaster became popular because it gave depth to the paintings
-Sculpture emphasized realism and the human form
-Architecture reached new heights of design

18.
Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer, Botanist, Costume Designer, Musician, Author, Inventor (grave robber) =
Renaissance Man!

19. Mona Lisa
What is she thinking?
4 yrs. To complete
Aristocratic woman
Use of luminosity, perspective, shading & sfumato
Understood the human body/ anatomy/ human dissection/ sketches look like X-rays
Hangs in the Louvre in Paris, France
Once owned by Napoleon
1 million people saw her in NYC in 1963

20. The Last Supper- “One of you shall betray me.”
Took 3 yrs to complete, wall of monastery, techniques used sfumato- hazy edges & perspective

21. Virgin of the Rocks
Notice pyramid shape/ sfumato
Mary in middle w/ rt. arm around
John the Baptist with her left
hand above Jesus (blessing John)
Angel Gabriel watching on.

22. Notebooks

23.
Born in Florence, Italy- died in Rome
Passionate about art, worked long hours, never married, lived a lonely life, disliked Leonardo Di Vinci

25. La Pieta - 1498-1500- St. Peter’s Basilica- Vatican What is the Virgin Mary thinking?

26. David
Michelangelo created his masterpiece David in Notice the accuracy to detail.

27. Sistine Chapel- Vatican
About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Michelangelo did not think he was worthy of such a project!

28. Separation of Light and Darkness
Creation of Adam
Creation of Eve
The Last Judgment
Separation of Light and Darkness

29. Moses

30. Raphael Painter

31. The School of Athens

32. Pythagoras
Plato and Aristotle
Socrates

33. Raphael 
Euclid
Zoroaster & Ptolemy

34. VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture (cont)
Differences between Italian and Northern European painting
--Italian frescoes vs. Northern European altar pieces
Van Eyck’s oil paintings
Rome became the center of the High Renaissance ( )

35. Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife (1434)
Jan Van Eyck
Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife (1434)
Northern Renaissance

36. Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife (detail)
Van Eyck
Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife (detail)

37. Pieter Bruegel -1529-1569- Flanders

38. VII. Renaissance Education and Philosophy
Humanistic age
Various types of humanism
Great fervor displayed in finding and collecting old documents
Leads to critical examination of documents
--Lorenzo Valla
Education produces moral uplift

39. VII. Renaissance Education and Philosophy (cont)
A true liberal education
Humanist education for women
Love for the study of history most of all
A Greek language fad after 1454
Petrarch ( ): the Father of Italian Renaissance humanism
Focus on the individual and his dignity

40. VIII. The Renaissance Papacy
Loss of influence over European nation-states
Decline in moral prestige and leadership
Pope Julius II ( )
Popes as patrons of Renaissance art
--Leo X ( )
Nepotism used to promote family interest

41. IX. Spread of Humanism to the Rest of Europe
The significance of Gutenberg’s printing press
Explosion of printed materials
--By 1500, 40,000 titles printed and between 8-10 million copies
The impact of movable-type printing presses: research and literacy

42. IX. Spread of Humanism to the Rest of Europe (cont)
Popular publications in the early days of the printing press
Thomas More
--Utopia
--Executed by Henry VIII in 1535
Erasmus—Dutch Christian Humanist

43. IX. Spread of Humanism to the Rest of Europe (cont)
William Shakespeare ( )
--Globe Theater
Shakespeare returns to classical subjects and genres
His history plays were the most popular at the time
Macbeth: ambition
Hamlet: individualism
Keen sensitivity to sounds and meanings of words