1. Knee Examination Alireza Moghtaderi,MD
Assistant Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Isfahan University of Medical sciences

2. Knee The largest joint,,,,,, Connecting two major bone,,,,,,
More than just a simple Hinge,,,,
Patella is the Largest Sesamoid
Visual examination,,,,,
Unstable joint,,,,,
Patella acts as a Fulcrum,,,,,

3. Anatomy

4. Bursa

5. Physical exam:
Look
Feel
Move
Special tests

6. Look (always compare) Alignment ( normal, varus or valgus) Effusion
Scars
Wasting
Color

7. Feel Temperature (compare) Tenderness ( feel the bony prominences)
Effusion (fluid collection)
* fluctuation
* bulging (milking)
* ballotment (patellar tapping)

8. Move
Active ( by the patient)
Passive ( by the physician)

9. Special tests
Meniscus
Stability

10. Patella
Normally,only a thin layer of tendon,bursa and subcutaneous tissue lies between the patella and the skin..
Even in obese patient ,subcutaneous fat tends to be relatively sparse over the patella. In such patient ,the patella often appears as a depression amid the billows of the surrounding limb…

11. The patella normally appears oval
Bipartite Patella (This is manifested as a protruding prominence at the supralateral aspect of the patella)
Patella Magna (The accretion of osteophytes around the edges of the patella can create an enlarged appearance)
Patella Alta (High riding patella)
Patella Baja (Low riding patella)

12. Bipartite Patella

13. Patella Magna

14. Patella Alta Patella Baja

16. Patellar Alignment
Squinting Patella In-Facing,Increased Femoral Anteversion,Isolated Increase in External Tibial Torsion,,Duck-Footed Out Facing Patella Habitual Subluxation or Dislocation of the Kneecap

17. Q Angle
It is the angle between a line from the anterior iliac spine to the center of the patella and line from the center of the patella through the center of the tibial tubercle…………………
In averages 15 in normal individuals:
14 in men,,,,17 in women ………

18. Tubercle Sulcus Angle
One line is drawn from the center of the patella through the center of the tibial tubercle,and another line is drawn from the center of the patella perpendicular to a line parallel to the examination table and the floor …………..
Normally less than 8 in women and 5 in men……….

19. Prepatellar Bursa
A subcutaneous egg-like swelling anterior to the patella..This swelling is usually fairly soft and fluid-filled..
If the bursa is infected, the overlying skin is erythematous and hot
Chronic thickening or nodule formation can sometimes be seen or palpated in a prepatellar bursa that has been inflamed in tha past…

20. Prepatellar Bursitis

21. Prepatellar Bursitis

22. Infrapatellar Bursitis

23. Patellar Tendon & Infrapatellar Fat Pad
Distal to the patella is the Patellar Tendon or Patellar ligament,the broad flat band that connects the patella to the tibia.The infrapatellar fat pad,or Hoffa’s fat pad,bulges forward on both sides of the patellar tendon and may obscure it..
Flexing the knee causes the fat pad to retract and increase the visibility of the patellar tendon…
Ganglion Cysts are occasionally found in or around the fat pad,where they appear as firm nodular or multilobulated masses….

24. Infrapatellar Fat Pad

25. Proximal Tibia Osgood-Schlatter disease,,,
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease,,,
Tubercle of Gerdy,,,
Medial Tibial Plateau,,,
Pes Anserinus (Gracilis,Semitendinosus,Sartorius),,,

26. Osgood- Schlatter

27. Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome
. Lateral radiograph of the left knee shows a tiny avulsed fracture fragment (arrow) arising from the inferior aspect of the patella.

28. Medial epicondyle
Much less prominent than tha patella,the Medial epicondyle is,nevertheless,often detectable in the normal knee…
The insertion of the adductor muscles terminates at the superior portion of this prominence;The term Adductor tubercle is thus often used interchangeably with the term medial epicondyle….

29. Because it is the proximal attachment of the MCL,the prominence of the Medial epicondyl may be increased in the face of sprains involving the proximal fibers of this ligament..
In Acute case,the increased prominence may be due to localized hemorrhage and edema.
In the Chronic case,a calcific deposite may form;this occurrence is identified radiographically as the Pelligrini-Stieda Sign…
On physical examination ,this existence of this calcification may manifest itself as an enlargement of the prominence of the Medial epicondyle…

30. Pelligrini-Stieda

31. Popliteal cyst
A popliteal cyst,or Baker’s cyst,is a well known knee phenomenon. This swellings may be isolated anomalies in children, but in adults they are usually secondary to intraarticular pathology,such as a meniscus tear or arthritis. They are not always visible……..
When they are ,they may appear as a generalized fullness of the popliteal fossa or a small spherical mass.
They are best seen with the patient prone and relaxed..Smaller cysts may be palpable but not visible and are most likely to be located toward the medial side of the Popliteal fossa……..

33. Synovial sarcoma mimicking popliteal cyst
Synovial sarcoma mimicking popliteal cyst. In contrast, MR image of knee in 3-year-old boy with palpable popliteal mass shows sharply circumscribed lobular lesion (arrow) within popliteal fossa insinuating between semimembranosus muscle and medial head of gastrocnemius muscle that is bright on T2-weighted image and enhances peripherally after contrast administration with no central enhancement . This lesion is popliteal cyst..

34. Standing Limb Alignment
When ideal alignment is present,the patient is able to stand with the knees and feet touching simultaneously……
The allow this to occur, the femur and the tibia must actually be in mild valgus because the hip joints are farther part than the knees……
This relationship is known as Physiologic Valgus Alignment and averages about “7” in women and “5” in men when measured on a radiograph……

35. Genu Valgum
Possible causes are congenital or developmental variations,angular deformity following a fracture of the femur or the tibia,or arthritic erosion and collaps of the lateral compartment of the knee…

36. Genu Varum
Abnormal varus alignment is more common than pathologic valgus alignment..
Possible causes include congenital or developmental abnormalities,angular deformity from old fractures,Severe lateral ligament injuries,and arthritic erosion and collapse of the medial compartment of the knee….

37. Stability To test the four ligaments of the knee:
ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament)
PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament)
MCL (Medial Collateral Ligament)
LCL (Lateral Collateral Ligament)

39. Anterior Drawer Test for ACL

40. ACL exam Anterior drawer test:
Excessive forward movement of the tibia on the femur

41. Anterior drawer test:

42. ACL exam Pivot shift test: When positive, it is painful
It needs experience to be able to elicit it

43. ACL exam
Lachman’s test :
The most specific test for ACL rupture

44. Lachman-Trillat test
For the test, the knee is unlocked in 20° flexion. The patient's heel rests on the couch. The examiner holds the patient's tibia, with the thumb on the tibial tubercle. The examiner's other hand is placed on the patient's thigh, a few centimetres above the patella. The hand on the tibia applies a brisk anteriorly directed force to the tibia

45. Lachman-Trillat test

46. Posterior Drawer Testing- PCL

47. PCL exam Posterior drawer test : excessive backward
movement of the tibia in
relation to the femur.

48. Posterior drawer test

49. PCL exam Sagging sign: compare both knees in 90 degrees of flexion.
In the injured knee the proximal tibia is displaced backwards compared to the other side.

50. Sagging Sign

51. Godfrey's drop back test
The patient is supine, with the thighs and knees flexed 90°, legs horizontal, and heels held by the examiner in such a way as to have the legs parallel to the table. The test is positive if the upper end of the tibia on the affected side is seen to drop backwards

52. Grading Posterior Laxity
Normally,the anterior cortex of the proximal tibia sits about 10 mm anterior to the distal end of the femoral condyles when the knee is flexed about 90
Grade1,,Grade2,,Grade3 and Grade4

53. Stability
MCL : Valgus stress test
LCL : Varus stress test

54. Valgus Stress Test for MCL

55. Increased laxity to valgus stress with the knee is full extension signifies damage not only to the superficial and the deep MCL fibers but also to the posteromedial capsule. In such a knee,the incidence of concomitant injury to one or both cruciate ligaments is extremely high….
The combination of normal valgus stability when the knee is fully extended and abnormally increased valgus laxity when the knee is flexed suggests more isolated damage to the MCL with an intact posteromedial capsule….

56. Varus Stress Test for LCL

57. The major difference between thw varus and the valgus stress tests is that most patients have more natural laxity of the lateral ligaments than the medial ligaments.
This separation is probably about 3mm to 5mm in the average normal knee.
As in the valgus stress test,increased varus laxity in full extension implies more extensive injury,usually involving the posterolateral ligament complex and one or both cruciate ligaments……

58. Meniscal exam Tenderness in the medial joint line (medial meniscus)
Tenderness in the lateral joint line (lateral meniscus)
McMurrey’s test for medial and lateral meniscus:

59. McMurray's Test: Assessment Of Medial Meniscus

60. McMurray's Test: Assessment Of Lateral Meniscus

61. Chidress’ test

62. Childress’ Test
If a meniscus tear is present,this maneuver usually causes pain localized to the joint line of the involved meniscus..
In patelofemoral syndrome,the patient localizes the pain to the retropatellar region.
When an effusion is present in the knee,the patient usually feels pain or discomfort in the popliteal fossa during the duck wall..

63. Apley’s Test

66. Osteochondritis Dissecans

67. For the test,the supine patient is asked to flex the knee
For the test,the supine patient is asked to flex the knee.The examiner then passively internally rotates the foot and then extends the knee completely.This maneuver is meant to impinge the ACL against the classic osteochondritis dessecans lesion located adjacent to the intercondylar notch on the lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle.
In abnormal test,the patient experiences pain when the internally rotated knee reaches full extension,and the pain should subside when the internal rotation force is relaxed……

68. Thanks