1. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture1of 30 The role of IT Architecture in Active Loss Prevention

2. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture2of 30 The questions to answer What is an Architecture? What is an IT Architecture? What should an IT Architecture do? How do you develop an IT Architecture? What do we need? What is TOGAF? What else will we need?

3. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture3of 30 What is this? An example of success An example of architecture leading to success An analogy

4. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture4of 30 A few facts about the 747 9 February 1969 - flight of first 747-100 Over 700 deliveries Approximate price $200m each Each has about 6,000,000 components Fleet has logged more than 56 billion km. Fleet has flown 3.6 billion people Multiple cabin configurations Most economy sections longer than the flight of the Wright Flyer

5. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture5of 30 Evolution Constant evolution due to  Changing business demands  New technologies and materials Changes from747-100to747-400  Cruise speed (Km/h)895912  Range (Km)8,760 13,570  Takeoff weight (Kg)333,400412,775  Passengers452524  Engine thrust (Kg)19,73028,710  Engine noisexx/2

6. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture6of 30 Example Stakeholder Viewpoints Concerns Operators Cost per seat Cost per ton mile Range Turn round time Ease of maintenance Time of maintenance Airport suitability Configuration flexibility Crew training...

7. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture7of 30 Concerns Operators Concerns Designers Number of passengers Cargo volume Engine thrust Max fuel Takeoff weight Range Cruise speed Wing span Length Height Cabin width... Example Stakeholder Viewpoints

8. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture8of 30 Example Stakeholder Viewpoints Concerns Operators Concerns Production Concerns Passengers Concerns Insurance Concerns Maintenance Concerns Designers Concerns Pilots Concerns FAA

9. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture9of 30 Example Stakeholder Viewpoints Concerns Operators Concerns Production Concerns Passengers Concerns Insurance Concerns Maintenance Concerns Designers Concerns Pilots Concerns FAA

10. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture10of 30 Example Stakeholder Viewpoints Concerns Operators Concerns Production Concerns Passengers Concerns Insurance Concerns Maintenance Concerns Designers Concerns Pilots Concerns FAA

11. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture11of 30 Lessons to learn Architecture depends on the characteristics derived from business requirements  747 and Concorde are both aircraft Specific models are designed within the Architecture  Configuration flexibility within models  Model flexibility within the Architecture  New materials, technologies and components used within constraints of the architecture Architecture only changed as last resort  Driven by new business requirements or technology  (When does a 747 become a 777?)

12. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture12of 30 What is an IT Architecture ANSI/IEEE Standard 1471-2000 The fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its components, their relationships  to each other  and the environment, and the principles governing its design and evolution.

13. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture13of 30 An IT Architecture is not optional Some are designed and some just happen But it’s there and it affects the efficiency of the enterprise Every enterprise already has an IT Architecture

14. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture14of 30 So what should an IT Architecture do? A well-designed and effective IT Architecture will: Be derived from business requirements React to change at a rate dictated by the speed of change in the enterprise’s markets Clearly define the structure of the existing system Specify migration strategies Set out the strategy for future purchases Set out the strategy for future developments Be understood and supported by senior management

15. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture15of 30 Standards Component selection Investment decisions Investment decisions IT Architecture Business requirements Current systems Technology trends What should an IT Architecture do? (cont.) Describe the Viewpoints of all stakeholders Enable managers to use their IT investment to meet the needs of the business

16. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture16of 30 How do you develop an IT Architecture? It is not possible to specify a single, universal architecture suitable for:  All purposes  At all times There is a continuum of architectures An architecture must be suited to its specific business purpose That purpose may change with time The skills of experienced architects are necessary Their task can be eased by the support of design tools in the form of an architectural framework

17. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture17of 30 Knowledgeable and professional practitioners Support tools at all levels A good architectural framework What do we need? A total, practical architectural solution TOGAF Certification Tools Challenge

18. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture18of 30 But where do you start? There are many successful IT Architectures in use Can you benefit from that accumulation of knowledge? Can you examine in detail the IT Architecture of another organization? Do you have to reinvent the wheel? What reference material is available? TOGAF exists and is freely available to answer these questions

19. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture19of 30 What is TOGAF? An architectural framework not an architecture Vendor-neutral – developed by user consensus TOGAF components  An Architecture Development Method (ADM)  Foundation Architecture  A Technical Reference Model (TRM)  A Standards Information Base (SIB)  Building Blocks Information Base (BBIB)  Resource Base  Architecture views· Business scenarios  Case studies · TABB

20. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture20of 30 More about TOGAF Business Requirements Technical Reference Model (services) Standards Information Base (standards) Building Block Information Base (future) Architecture Development Method Target Architectures Foundation Architecture

21. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture21of 30 G Architecture maintenance F Implementation Architecture development Start with a foundation architecture Follow the phases of the ADM E Migration options D Opportunities & solutions D Opportunities & solutions C Target architecture B Baseline description A Initiation & framework Requirements Results in  an organization-specific architecture  more reusable building block assets in the Enterprise Continuum Each iteration becomes easier and has more reusable building blocks to use

22. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture22of 30 We have business scenarios 1 - problem 2 - environment 3 - objectives 4 - human actors 5 - computer actors 6 - roles & responsibilities 7 - refine 1 - Identify, document and rank the problem driving the scenario 2 - Identify business and technical environment where situation is occurring, and document in scenario models 3 - Identify and document desired objectives - the results of handling the problems successfully - get SMART 4 - Identify human actors, their roles, their place in the business model 5 - Identify computer actors (computing elements), their roles, their place in the technology model 6 - Identify and document roles, responsibilities, measures of success per actor 7 - Check for “fitness for purpose” and refine only if necessary

23. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture23of 30 We have Architecture Viewpoints Description of the architecture from the viewpoint of a specific stakeholder The main mechanism of communication between the architect and the stakeholder Used to ensure accuracy of understanding of the current and target systems Used to ensure the architecture meets the need of each stakeholder TOGAF’s list of views is only a recommendation

24. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture24of 30 Current recommended Viewpoints Business architecture views  To address the concerns of users Technical architecture views  Engineering views  To address the concerns of System and Software Engineers  Operations views  To address the concerns of Operators, Administrators and Managers  Acquirers’ views  To address the concerns of Acquirers

25. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture25of 30 Communications Infrastructure Interface Application Program Interface Application Platform Communication Infrastructure We have a Technical Reference Model Network Services EEI Operating System Services Software Engineering Security Sys & Net Management Transaction Processing Location & Directory User Interface International Operations Data Interchange Data Management Graphics & Image API Application Platform Services Infrastructure ApplicationsBusiness Application Service Qualities

26. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture26of 30 We have Service Qualities Availability  Manageability, Serviceability, Performance, Reliability Adaptability  Scalability, Programmability, Extensibility Interoperability  Locatability Usability  International operation Assurance  Security, Recoverability, Integrity, Credibility

27. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture27of 30 TOGAF - its key benefits (1) Vendor-Neutral Comprehensive - from business requirements to applications to infrastructure The result of 8 years of global development Cuts up-front costs - avoids re-inventing the wheel Support for Quick-Start learning curves Insurance against departure of key staff Refined and honed checklists at all levels - from business requirements to physical components

28. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture28of 30 TOGAF - its key benefits (2) The Standards Information Base  Maintained, current and comprehensive The Building Block Information Base is being developed TOGAF is available today TOGAF is free today for your own use You can participate in shaping the evolution of TOGAF

29. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture29of 30 Enhancements for active loss prevention New stakeholder viewpoints  Legal?  Audit?  Government?  Insurance? New qualities for the TRM?...

30. Frietuna Computer Consultants Limited Copyright © 2000 - 2002 The role of IT Architecture30of 30 The questions to answer What is an Architecture? What is an IT Architecture? What should an IT Architecture do? How do you develop an IT Architecture? What do we need? What is TOGAF? What else will we need?