1. The Presidency

2. President vs. Prime Minister President often an outsider PM is the definition of an insider Presidential Cabinet members come from outside of Congress

3. President vs. Prime Minister Parliamentary Cabinet members come from the legislature President has no guaranteed majority in Congress Even when all of the same party, the branches work at cross purposes

4. Powers of the President We know the biggies but where do other powers come from? “Take care that the laws be faithfully executed”- very elastic Politics and public opinion Congressional delegation of legislative power

5. Presidential Staff Has grown greatly in recent years The power of the staff is directly related to ones proximity, political and physical to the president

6. Presidential Staff Closest assistants have offices in the West Wing Don’t have to be confirmed by the Senate Look out for political and policy interests of the President 2001- Bush had 400 staff and a WH budget of $35.4 million

7. Presidential Staff Organization Pyramid- report to the Chief of Staff who then reports to the President Circular- Cabinet secretaries and assistants report to the President Ad Hoc- task forces, committees, and informal groups of friends and advisors deal directly with the president Presidents mix and match

8. Presidential Staff Organization How staff access the President has a huge impact on policy E.G.- do memos go directly to the President or do they go through political advisors first?

9. Presidential Staff The Executive Office of the President –OMB, DNI, CEA, US Trade Representative –Must be confirmed by the Senate –Office of Management and Budget most important- help create the President’s budget and push policy

10. Presidential Staff The Cabinet: –Cabinet officers are heads of the 15 executive agencies –Presidents appoint the heads and many officials in the departments –These are huge departments though and secretaries spend more time running them than advising the President

11. Presidential Staff Independent Agencies: –Federal Reserve –President appoints heads but cannot remove With all of these appointments, it is difficult to get them done in a timely manner

12. Presidential Popularity Three audiences: Washington, party activists, the public Presidents often sound equivocal because they are trying to reach multiple audiences

13. Presidential Popularity Presidents want to translate popularity to Congressional support for an agenda Presidents can do little for Congress though- little evidence of “coattails” Still, Congressmen are reluctant to oppose the policies of a popular President

14. Presidential Popularity Popularity tends to be high at the beginning of a term and fall over time Must push agenda while he is popular

15. Executive Privilege The ability to keep information from the public/ other branches Based on Separation of Powers and principles of prudent administration Presidents need to be able to get candid advice