1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All rights reserved ©2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin

2. McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All rights reserved Chapter 7 IT INFRASTRUCTURES Business-Driven Technologies IT INFRASTRUCTURES Business-Driven Technologies

3. 7-3 OPENING CASE STUDY Make the Call Many people are using the Internet to make free phone calls Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) is the technology that makes Internet phone calls possible VoIP transmits over 10 percent of all phone calls

4. 7-4 OPENING CASE STUDY Many vendors are offering VoIP All vendors are providing the same service, but depending on their IT infrastructure the service features vary significantly from vendor to vendor

5. 7-5 STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES 1.Explain the relationship between the organization’s roles and goals and the IT infrastructure 2.Describe the difference between a 2-tier and 3-tier infrastructure 3.Describe system integration

6. 7-6 STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES 4.Describe Web services and Microsoft’s.NET 5.Explain the difference between network area storage (NAS) and storage area networks (SAN) 6.List and describe the seven “-ilities”

7. 7-7 INTRODUCTION  Organizations can choose from thousands of components to build their IT infrastructures  IT infrastructure - includes the hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment that, when combined, provide the underlying foundation to support the organization’s goals

8. 7-8 INTRODUCTION

9. 7-9 IT INFRASTRUCTURE OVERVIEW The three primary components of any IT infrastructure include: 1.Client/server networks 2.Internet 3.N-tier infrastructures

10. 7-10 Client/Server Network Client/server network - a network in which one or more computers are servers and provide services to the other computers, which are called clients –Thin client - a workstation with a small amount of processing power and costs less than a full powered workstation

11. 7-11 Client/Server Network

12. 7-12 The Internet There are numerous ways that the Internet enables an organization’s success Organizations must watch for inappropriate use of the Internet by its employees Organizations must decide how employees will access the Internet

13. 7-13 n-Tier Infrastructures Basic client/server computing is a 2-tier infrastructure –2-tier infrastructure – there are only two tiers – the client and the server –3-tier infrastructure – contains clients, application servers, and data servers

14. 7-14 Additional IT Infrastructure Elements Client/server networks, the Internet, and n- tier infrastructures are central to an organization’s IT infrastructure Three general categories of additional IT infrastructure elements include: –Information views –Business logic –Data storage and manipulation

15. 7-15 Additional IT Infrastructure Elements

16. 7-16 INFORMATION VIEWS Responsible for the presentation of information and receiving user events and includes: –Intranets –Extranets –Portals –Digital dashboards

17. 7-17 INFORMATION VIEWS Intranet - an internal organizational Internet that is guarded against outside access by a special security feature called a firewall (which can be software, hardware, or a combination of the two) Extranet – is an intranet that is restricted to an organization and certain outsiders, such as customers and suppliers

18. 7-18 INFORMATION VIEWS Enterprise information portals (EIPs) - allow knowledge workers to access company information via a Web interface –Collaborative processing enterprise information portal - provides knowledge workers with access to workgroup information –Decision processing enterprise information portal - provides knowledge workers with corporate information for making key decisions

19. 7-19 INFORMATION VIEWS Digital dashboard – displays key information gathered from several sources on a computer screen in a format tailored to the needs and wants of an individual knowledge worker

20. 7-20 INFORMATION VIEWS

21. 7-21 BUSINESS LOGIC Responsible for maintaining the business rules (e.g. application software) and protecting corporate information from unauthorized direct access by the clients and includes: –Integrations –Web services –Workflow systems –Applications service providers

22. 7-22 BUSINESS LOGIC  Integrations solve the problem with separate applications  Integration - allows separate applications to communicate directly with each other by automatically exporting data files from one application and importing them into another

23. 7-23 BUSINESS LOGIC

24. 7-24 BUSINESS LOGIC Web Services promise to be the next major frontier in computing –Web services – encompass all the technologies that are used to transmit and process information on and across a network –Interoperability – the concept that different computer systems and applications can talk to each other

25. 7-25 BUSINESS LOGIC Microsoft.NET -.Net is Microsoft’s version of Web services Microsoft’s vision is to make applications available any time, any place, on any device

26. 7-26.NET Components The three primary components of.NET: –.NET platform – tools, technologies, and services that support.NET –.NET framework – supports Web services –Visual Studio.NET – development tools that create.NET applications

27. 7-27 BUSINESS LOGIC Many companies support Web Services besides Microsoft Primary competitor is Sun Microsystems J2EE Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) – Sun Microsystems development tool for building Web Services applications

28. 7-28 BUSINESS LOGIC Workflow systems help to automate the process of presenting and passing information around an organization Workflow - defines all of the steps or business rules, from beginning to end, required for a process to run correctly Workflow systems - automate business processes

29. 7-29 BUSINESS LOGIC Two primary types of workflow systems include: –Messaging-based workflow systems - send work assignments through an e-mail system –Database-based workflow systems - store the document in a central location and automatically asks the knowledge workers to access the document

30. 7-30 BUSINESS LOGIC  An organization can outsource business logic through an application service provider  Application service provider (ASP) – supplies software applications over the Internet that would otherwise reside on its customers’ in-house computers

31. 7-31 ASP Configuration

32. 7-32 BUSINESS LOGIC  Customers typically sign an agreement with the ASP for service  Service Level Agreements (SLAs) - define the specific responsibilities of the service provider and set the customer expectations

33. 7-33 DATA STORAGE AND MANIPULATION Responsible for data storage and manipulation and includes: –Network area storage –Storage area networks –Server farms –Collocation

34. 7-34 DATA STORAGE AND MANIPULATION Network area storage (NAS) – is a special purpose server aimed at providing file storage to users who access the device over a network

35. 7-35 DATA STORAGE AND MANIPULATION Storage area network (SAN) – is an infrastructure for building special, dedicated networks that allow rapid and reliable access to storage devises by multiple servers

36. 7-36 SAN Configuration

37. 7-37 DATA STORAGE AND MANIPULATION NAS and SAN architectures share several objectives including: –Large amounts of storage capacity –Serve multiple users –24 X 7 support Primary difference is the location of the network that connects users, file servers, and disk drives

38. 7-38 DATA STORAGE AND MANIPULATION Server farm - the name of a location that stores a group of servers in a single place Web farm – is either a Web site that has multiple servers or an ISP that provides Web site outsourcing services using multiple servers

39. 7-39 DATA STORAGE AND MANIPULATION Collocation - a company rents space and telecommunications equipment from another company, or a collocation vendor Collocation facilities typically contain server farms and Web farms

40. 7-40 SUPPORTING AN IT INFRASTRUCTURE An organization can support its IT infrastructure components with: –Backup/recovery –Disaster recovery –Infrastructure ‘ilities

41. 7-41 SUPPORTING AN IT INFRASTRUCTURE Backup - the process of making a copy of the information stored on a computer Recovery - the process of reinstalling the backup information in the event the information was lost

42. 7-42 SUPPORTING AN IT INFRASTRUCTURE Disaster recovery plan - a detailed process for recovering information or an IT system in the event of a catastrophic disaster such as a fire or flood A disaster recovery plan typically includes hot and cold sites

43. 7-43 Hot and Cold Sites Hot site - a separate and fully equipped facility where the company can move immediately after the disaster and resume business Cold site - a separate facility that does not have any computer equipment, but is a place where the knowledge workers can move after the disaster

44. 7-44 SUPPORTING AN IT INFRASTRUCTURE Disaster recovery cost curve – charts 1.The cost to your organization of the unavailability of information and technology 2.The cost to your organization of recovering from a disaster over time

45. 7-45 Disaster Recovery Cost Curve

46. 7-46 SUPPORTING AN IT INFRASTRUCTURE Factors to consider when developing an IT infrastructure (These factors are commonly referred to as the ‘ilities) –Availability –Accessibility –Reliability –Scalability –Flexibility –Performance –Capacity planning

47. 7-47 SUPPORTING AN IT INFRASTRUCTURE Availability - determining when your IT system will be available for knowledge workers to access Accessibility - determining who has the right to access different types of IT systems and information

48. 7-48 SUPPORTING AN IT INFRASTRUCTURE Reliability - ensures your IT systems are functioning correctly and providing accurate information –Data cleansing - the process of ensuring that all information is accurate

49. 7-49 SUPPORTING AN IT INFRASTRUCTURE Scalability – how well your system can adapt to increased demands Flexibility - the system’s ability to change quickly

50. 7-50 SUPPORTING AN IT INFRASTRUCTURE Performance - measures how quickly an IT system performs a certain process –Benchmark – baseline values a system seeks to attain –Benchmarking – a process of continuously measuring system results

51. 7-51 SUPPORTING AN IT INFRASTRUCTURE Capacity planning - determines the future IT infrastructure requirements for new equipment and additional network capacity

52. 7-52 IT INFRASTRUCTURES AND THE REAL WORLD When approving designs for an IT infrastructure be sure to ask the following: –How big is your department going to grow? –Will the system handle additional users? –How are your customers going to grow? –How easy is it to change the system? –How flexible is the system?

53. 7-53 IT INFRASTRUCTURES AND THE REAL WORLD –How much additional information do you expect to store each year? –How long will you maintain information in the systems? –How much history do you want to keep on each customer? –What are the hours you need the system to be available? –How often do you need the information backed up?

54. 7-54 CAN YOU… 1.Explain the relationship between the organization’s roles and goals and the IT infrastructure 2.Describe the difference between a 2-tier and 3-tier infrastructure 3.Describe system integration

55. 7-55 CAN YOU… 4.Describe Web services and Microsoft’s.NET 5.Explain the difference between network area storage (NAS) and storage area networks (SAN) 6.List and describe the seven “-ilities”

56. McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All rights reserved CHAPTER 7 End of Chapter 7