1. Chapter 11
Race and Ethnicity

2. Chapter Outline Race and Ethnicity Racial Stereotypes
Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism
Theories of Prejudice and Racism

3. Chapter Outline Diverse Groups, Diverse Histories
Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Relations
Attaining Racial Equality: The Challenge 

4. Race and Ethnicity
Race is primarily a socially constructed category based on physical criteria.
An ethnic group is a social category of people who share a common culture.

5. The New Immigration

6. Description of U.S. Census Classifications
Date
White
African American
Native American
Asian American
Other
1890
Black Mulatto Quadroon Octoroon
Indian
Chinese Japanese
1900
Black
1910
Black Mulatto

7. Description of U.S. Census Classifications
Date
White
African American
Native American
Asian American
Other
1920
Black Mulatto
Indian
Chinese Japanese
1930
Negro
Filipino Hindu Korean
Mexican Other

8. Description of U.S. Census Classifications
Date
White
African American
Native American
Asian American
Other
1940
Negro
Indian
Chinese Japanese Filipino Hindu Korean
1950
Chinese Japanese Filipino
Hawaiian Other

9. Description of U.S. Census Classifications
Date
White
African American
Native American
Asian American
Other
1960
Negro
American Indian Aleut Eskimo
Chinese Japanese
Filipino
Hawaiian Other
1970
Negro or Black
Indian (American)
Chinese Japanese Filipino Korean
Hawaiian Other

10. Description of U.S. Census Classifications
Date
White
African American
Native American
Asian American
Other
1980
Black or Negro
Indian (American) Eskimo Aleut
Chinese Japanese Filipino Korean Asian Indian Vietnamese
Hawaiian Guamanian Samoan Asian or Pacific Islander Other
2000
Black or African American
American Indian Alaskan Native
Chinese Japanese
Filipino Korean Asian Indian Vietnamese
Native Hawaiian Other Pacific Islander Other

11. Ethnic Minority: Characteristics
Possesses characteristics regarded as different from the dominant group (race, ethnicity, sexual preference, age, religion.)
Suffers prejudice and discrimination by the dominant group.

12. Ethnic Minority: Characteristics
Membership is ascribed rather than achieved.
Members feel a sense of group solidarity.

13. Stereotypes Reinforce prejudices and cause them to persist in society.
Racial and gender stereotypes receive ongoing support in the media.
Justify the oppression of groups based on race, ethnicity and gender.

14. Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism
Prejudice is an attitude involving prejudgment on the basis of race or ethnicity.
Discrimination is actual behavior involving unequal treatment.
Racism involves both attitude and behavior.

15. The Income Gap

16. Prejudice and Socialization
Media stereotypes began to improve as a result of civil rights activity in the 1960s.
Positive interactions between Blacks and Whites have been 5% or less of total interactions on television programs.

17. Poverty Among Racial Groups

18. Scapegoat Theory
Members of the dominant group harbor frustrations in their desire to achieve success.
They vent their anger in the form of aggression.
The aggression is directed toward members of minority groups who serve as scapegoats.

19. Authoritarian Personality
Characteristics:
Tendency to categorize other people
Rigidly conform
Intolerance of ambiguity
Inclined to superstition

20. Theories of Race and Ethnicity
The Racial Order
Functionalism
Social stability when racial and ethnic groups are assimilated into society
Conflict Theory
Is intricately intertwined with class stratification
Symbolic Interaction
Based on social construction that assigns people to racial and ethnic categories

21. Theories of Race and Ethnicity
Minority Groups
Functionalism
Assimilated into dominant culture as they adopt cultural practices
Conflict Theory
Life chances result from opportunities formed by intersection of class, race, and gender
Symbolic Interaction
Form identity as the result of sociohistorical change

22.  Contact Theory
Interactions will reduce prejudice if 3 conditions are met:
Contact is between individuals of equal status.
Contact is sustained.
Participants agree upon social norms favoring equality.

23.  Native Americans
Population in north America in 1492 was from 1 to 10 million.
Conquest, disease, and expulsion from their lands resulted in a population of 300,000 by 1850.

24.  Native Americans
55% of Native Americans live on or near a reservation.
Highest poverty rate of all minorities and 50% unemployment among males.

25.  African Americans
Between 20 and 100 million Africans were transported to the Americas.
The majority went to Brazil and the Caribbean, 6% went to the U.S.
Slavery evolved as a rigid caste system, also involving the domination of men over women.

26.  African Americans
After the civil war, sharecropping emerged as a new exploitative system.
The migration of Blacks to the urban north from the 1900s through the 1920s encouraged the development of political, social, and cultural action.

27. Latinos
Includes Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and other Latin American immigrants.
Includes Latin Americans who were early settlers in the U.S.
The terms Hispanic and Latino/a mask the great diversity among the groups.

28. Latinos Entries into U.S. Society:
Mexican Americans through military conquest ( ).
Puerto Ricans through war with Spain (1898).
Cubans as political refugees (1959).

29. Chinese
, thousands of Chinese laborers worked for the Central Pacific railroad.
In 1882, the Chinese exclusion act banned immigration of laborers and intermarriage.
Hostility and exclusion resulted in the creation of Chinatowns.

30. Japanese
Immigration of the first generation (Issei) took place between 1890 and 1924.
In 1924, passage of the Japanese immigration act forbade further immigration.
The second generation (Nisei) became better educated and assimilated.

31. Japanese
Members of the third generation (Sansei) met with prejudice and discrimination.
During WWII, Japanese Americans were forced into relocation camps.
In 1987, legislation was passed awarding $20,000 to each relocated person and offering an apology.

32.  Middle Easterners
Immigrants from Middle Eastern countries such as Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and Iran began arriving in the mid-1970s.
Like other immigrants, many experienced downward mobility and formed their own ethnic enclaves.

33.  White Ethnic Groups
Immigration dates to the WASP immigrants from England, Scotland, and Wales.
40% of the world’s Jewish population lives in the U.S.
In 1924, the National Origins Quota Act, the most discriminatory act in U.S. immigration history, was passed.

34. Domestic Colonialism Model
Four elements:
Forced and involuntary entry.
Control of the group’s affairs by the colonizers.
Racism justifies the colonizer’s domination.
The minority is prevented from expressing its culture and values.

35. Ethnic Conflict Around the World

36. Civil Rights Movement
Encouraged resistance to segregation through nonviolent techniques.
1964- Civil rights bill
1965- Voting rights act
Fair housing act

37. Quick Quiz

38. 1. A social category of people who share a common culture is referred to by sociologists as:
a. a minority group
b. a cultural group
c. a racial group
d. an ethnic group

39. Answer: d
A social category of people who share a common culture is referred to by sociologists as an ethnic group.

40. 2. Which of the following statements is true regarding minority groups?
a. Members of a minority group have a strong sense of group solidarity
b. Membership in a minority group is usually achieved.
c. Members of a minority group are usually female.
d. Members of a minority group usually know each other.

41. Answer: a
The statement, members of a minority group have a strong sense of group solidarity is true regarding minority groups.

42. 3. An oversimplified set of beliefs about members of a social group that is used to categorize members of that group is referred to as:
a. salience principle
b. discrimination
c. prejudice
d. stereotype

43. Answer: d
An oversimplified set of beliefs about members of a social group that is used to categorize members of that group is referred to as stereotype.

44. 4. The gendered racism theory is most closely associated with the:
a. symbolic interactionist perspective
b. evolutionary perspective
c. functionalist perspective
d. conflict perspective

45. Answer: d
The gendered racism theory is most closely associated with the conflict perspective.

46. 5. De facto segregation is common in housing and education.
a. True
b. False

47. Answer: True
De facto segregation is common in housing and education.