1. Lingual-Alveolar Plosives
Phoneme Specific Nasal AIR Emission By: Jane Delisio Faulty Advisor: Ann Kummer, PhD College of Allied Health Sciences, Communication Sciences and Disorders
PURPOSE
Possible causes
characteristics
Learn more about this understudied and under researched topic
Delve deeper into the specific characteristics that make PSNAE unique
Important for differential diagnosis and accurate therapy or surgical treatments
Usually appears during the transitional stage between the initial production of fricatives and stops
Unclear how the faultily learned error occurs
Need specific terminology for VPD types in order to diagnosis and treat correctly and efficiently
AKA: Pseudo VPI, posterior nasal fricative
Abnormal articulation placement
Co-articulation of oral stop & posterior nasal fricative that makes the soft palate stay open
Substitution for a fricative, sibilant or affricate
Typically affected phonemes: (/s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/)
May present hypernasality on adjacent vowels, like (/i/ ‘‘feet’’), which can be nasalized after abnormally high tongue position
In most cases, sibilants are affected
Oral stop is difficult to identify
Perceptually, there may be a nasal snort or nasal grimace
Defined
Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD): insufficient , incomplete, or inconsistent functioning of the soft palate closure during oral speech production
Velopharyngeal mislearning (PSNAE): type of VPD where the soft palate is open, allowing air and sound to escape into nasal cavity
Escaped air and sound create nasality on certain phonemes
Learned phonological error
Speech sound is not produced in the mouth, but rather inappropriately in the pharynx
Sound produced in the pharynx makes velopharyngeal valve stay open
Velum
(soft palate)
Treatments
SNAP Test-R gives normative data for speech phonemes in sentence samples
Nasometer will show a normal range for most phonemes but will be abnormally high on others
Straw technique on nostril to train ear to hear nasality and deter its future occurance
Nasopharyngoscopy looks into function of soft palate and closure pattern and accuracy
Trial period of speech therapy necessary , since PSNAE is the only type of VPI that will benefit from speech therapy
patients
Oral Passages
Norms
S.D.
Score
Bilabial Plosives 10 5 14
Lingual-Alveolar Plosives 15
Velar Plosives 12 6 13
Sibilant Fricatives 69
Nasals
59.55
6.65 56
History of speech therapy
Other misarticulations have improved, but PSNAE has not
Subtle previous or current structural anomalies
Tonsillectomy/adeniodectomy
Often referred to a cranio-facial team
Patients tend to exhibit a conductive hearing loss
REFERENCES
Henningsson, G., et al. (2008). "Universal parameters for reporting speech outcomes in individuals with cleft palate." Cleft Palate Craniofac J 45(1): 1-17.
Kummer, A. W., et al. (2015). "Non-cleft causes of velopharyngeal dysfunction: Implications for treatment." Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol.
Kummer, A. W., et al. (2003). "The relationship between the characteristics of speech and velopharyngeal gap size." Cleft Palate Craniofac J 40(6):
Peterson-Falzone, S. J. and M. S. Graham (1990). "Phoneme-specific nasal emission in children with and without physical anomalies of the velopharyngeal mechanism." J Speech Hear Disord 55(1):
Trost, J. E. (1981). "Articulatory additions to the classical description of the speech of persons with cleft palate." Cleft Palate J 18(3):
Zajac, D. J., et al. (1996). "Aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics of a speaker with turbulent nasal emission: a case report." Cleft Palate Craniofac J 33(5):