1. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

2. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
SHOCK. Electric shock occurs when the human body becomes part of the path through which current flows.
The direct result can be electrocution.
The indirect result can be injury resulting from a fall or movement into machinery because of a shock

3. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
BURNS. Burns can result when a person touches electrical wiring or equipment that is energized.
ARC-BLAST. Arc-blasts occur from high- amperage currents arcing through the air. This can be caused by accidental contact with energized components or equipment failure.

4. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
ARC-BLAST. The three primary hazards associated with an arc-blast are:
Thermal radiation.
Pressure Wave.
Projectiles.

5. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
EXPLOSIONS. Explosions occur when electricity provides a source of ignition for an explosive mixture in the atmosphere.

6. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
FIRES. Electricity is one of the most common causes of fires both in the home and in the workplace. Defective or misused electrical equipment is a major cause.

7. EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN BODY
Depends on:
Current and Voltage
Resistance
Path through body
Duration of shock

8. Effects of AC Electricity
More than 3 mA- Painful shock- cause indirect accident
More than 10 mA- Muscle contraction – “No Let Go” danger
More than 30 mA- Lung paralysis, usually temporary

9. Effects of AC Electricity
More than 50 mA- Ventricular fibrillation, usually fatal
100 mA to 4 A- Certain ventricular fibrillation, fatal
Over 4 A- Heart paralysis, severe burns

10. 1910.303(b) Examination of equipment
Electrical equipment must be free of recognized hazards that are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees.

11. 1910.303(b) Examination of equipment
Safety of equipment must be determined using the following considerations:
Suitability for installation and use
Mechanical strength and durability
Electrical insulation
Heating effects under conditions of use

12. 1910.303(b) Examination of equipment
Safety of equipment must be determined using the following considerations:
Arcing effects
Classification by type, size, voltage, current capacity and specific use
Other factors

13. 1910.303(c) Splices Conductors must be spliced with:
Splicing devices suitable for the use
Brazing, welding or soldering (with a mechanically and electrically secure joint before soldering & then soldered)

14. (c) Splices
All splices and joints and the free ends of conductors must be covered with an insulation equivalent to that of the conductors or with an insulating device suitable for the purpose.

15. (e) Marking
Electrical equipment may not be used unless the manufacturer’s name, trademark or other identification is on the equipment.

16. (e) Marking
Other markings must be provided giving voltage, current, wattage, or other ratings as necessary.
Markings must be durable enough to withstand the environment.

17. (f) Identification
Each disconnecting means must be legibly marked to indicate its purpose, unless located and arranged so that its purpose is evident.

18. (f) Identification
These markings must be durable enough to withstand their environment.

19. 1910.303(g)(1) 600 volts, nominal, or less
Working space about electrical equipment.
This section refers to a person qualified to work on electrical equipment, usually an electrician.

20. 1910.303(g)(1)(i) Working clearances
Except as required or permitted, the dimension of the working space in front of live parts (operating at 600 volts or less) and likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance must be at least three feet.(See table S-1).

21. 1910.303(g)(1)(i) Working clearances
The workspace in front of electrical equipment must not be less than 30 inches wide.

22. 1910.303(g)(1)(ii) Working clearances
Working spaces required for this standard may not be used for storage.

23. (g)(2) 600 Volts or less
Guarding of live parts operating at 50 Volts or more.
The purpose of this requirement is to protect any person who is in the vicinity of electrical equipment against accidental contact, not just electricians.

24. 1910.303(g)(2) 600 Volts or less Guarding of live parts.
Guard against accidental contact by:
Location accessible only to qualified persons
Permanent, substantial partitions or screens

25. 1910.303(g)(2) 600 Volts or less Guarding of live parts.
Guard against accidental contact by:
(C) Location on a suitable elevated balcony or platform
(D) Elevation of 8 feet or more above the floor or other working surface

26. 1910.303(g)(2) 600 Volts or less Guardian of live parts.
In locations where electrical equipment would be exposed to physical damage, enclosures or guardians must be so arranged and of such strength as to prevent such damage.

27. 1910.303(h)(3) Over 600 Volts Workspace around equipment.
Sufficient space must be provided and maintained around electrical equipment to permit ready and safe operation and maintenance.

28. 1910.303(h)(3)(ii) Illumination (Over 600 Volts)
Adequate illumination must be provided for all working spaces around electrical equipment.
The lights and switches must be arranged so that persons making repairs or turning on lights wont contact live ports.

29. 1910.303(h)(3)(iii) Elevation of unguarded live parts
Unguarded live parts above working space must be maintained at elevations not less than specified in Table S-3.
The minimum is 8 feet.

30. 1910.304(a) Grounded and grounding conductors
Identification of conductors.
The grounded conductor is an energized circuit conductor that is connected to earth through the system ground. It is commonly referred to as the neutral.

31. 1910.304(a) Grounded and grounding conductors
Identification of conductors.
The equipment grounding conductor is not an energized conductor under normal conditions. It is energized only if there is a leak or fault in the normal current path and directs current back to the source.

32. 1910.304(a) Grounded and grounding conductors
Identification of conductors.
The National Electric Code requires that:
The grounded conductor (neutral) be continuous white or natural gray.
The equipment grounding conductor be green, green with yellow stripes or bare.

33. 1910.304(a)(2) Polarity of connections
No grounded conductor may be attached to any terminal or lead so as to reverse designated polarity.

34. 1910.304(a)(2) Polarity of connections
Reversed polarity is a condition when neutral conductor is incorrectly connected to the “hot” terminal of a plug, receptacle or other connector.

35. 1910.304(e) Overcurrent protection
600 volts or less.
(i) Conductors and equipment must be protected from overcurrent.

36. 1910.304(e) Overcurrent protection
600 volts or less.
Fuses and circuit breakers are designed to disconnect a circuit from its supply source when a maximum allowable heat is reached.

37. 1910.304(e) Overcurrent protection
600 volts or less
(iv) Location. Overcurrent devices must be readily accessible but not located where they will be exposed to physical damage or in the vicinity of easily ignitable material.

38. 1910.304(f) Grounding (4) Grounding path.
The path to ground from circuits, equipment, and enclosures must be permanent and continuous

39. (f) Grounding
(5)(v) Tools likely to be used in wet and conductive locations need not be grounded if supplied through an isolating transformer with an ungrounded secondary of not over 50 volts.

40. (f) Grounding
(5)(v) Listed or labeled portable tools and appliances protected by an approved system of double insulation, or its equivalent, need not be grounded. However, they must be distinctively marked.

41. Electrical Tools Double Insulated
They work with GFCIs
Casing must be labeled
Tool must be inspected
Extension cord must be three-prong

42. 1910.305 (a)Wiring methods. General requirements.
(ii) No wiring system of any type shall be in ducts used to transport dust, loose stock or flammable vapors, or used for vapor removal or ventilation of commercial-type cooking equipment.

43. 1910.305 (a)Wiring methods. (2) Temporary wiring.
Temporary electrical power and lighting wiring may be of a class less than would be required for a permanent installation.

44. 1910.305 (a)Wiring methods. (2) Temporary wiring.
Uses permitted, 600 volts or less.
(A) During and for remodeling, maintenance repair, or demolition or similar activities.

45. 1910.305 (a)Wiring methods. Uses permitted, 600 volts or less.
(B) For experimental or developmental work
(C) For a period not to exceed 90 days for Christmas decorative lighting, carnivals, and similar purposes.

46. 1910.305 (a)Wiring methods. (2) Temporary wiring.
Uses permitted, over 600 volts.
Only during tests, experiments and emergencies.

47. (a)Wiring methods.
(F) Lamps for general illumination must be protected from accidental contact or breakage.
Protection can be provided by an elevation of 7 feet or by a suitable fixture with a guard.

48. (a)Wiring methods.
(G) Flexible cords and cables must be protected from accidental damage.Sharp corners or projections must be avoided.
Protection must be provided when passing through doorways or other pinch points.

49. 1910.305(b)(1) Conductors entering boxes, cabinets, or fittings.
Conductors entering boxes, cabinets, or fittings must be protected from abrasion.
Unused openings in cabinets, boxes, and fittings must be effectively closed.

50. 1910.305(b)(2) Electrical box covers
All pull boxes, junction boxes, and fittings must be provided with approved covers.
Metal covers must be grounded.

51. 1910.305(b)(2) Electrical box covers
Outlet boxes must have a cover or a faceplate.
Outlet box covers with holes for flexible cords must bushings or smooth, well- rounded surfaces.

52. 1910.305 (d)Switchboards and panelboards.
Panelboards must be mounted in approved cabinets or boxes and must be dead front.
Others are accessible only to qualified persons.

53. 1910.305(g)(1)(i) Flexible cords and cables.
Allowed uses:
Pendants
Wiring fixtures
Portable lamps or appliances
Elevator cables
Wiring cranes or hoists

54. 1910.305(g)(1)(i) Flexible cords and cables.
Allowed uses:
Connect stationary equipment to facilitate frequent interchange
Prevent transmission of noise or vibration
For removal for maintenance/repair

55. 1910.305(g)(1)(iii) Flexible cords and cables.
May not be used:
As a substitute for the fixed wiring of a structure.
Where run through holes in walls, ceilings or floors.

56. 1910.305(g)(1)(iii) Flexible cords and cables.
May not be used:
Where run through doorways, windows, or similar openings
Where attached to building surfaces
Where concealed behind building walls, ceilings, or floors.

57. 1910.305(g)(2) Flexible cords and cables.
(ii) Flexible cords must be used only in continuous lengths without splice or tap.

58. 1910.305(g)(2) Flexible cords and cables.
(ii) Hard service flex cords, No. 12 or larger, may be repaired if spliced so that the splice retains the insulation, outer sheath properties, and usage characteristics of the original cord.

59. 1910.305(g)(2) Flexible cords and cables.
(iii) Flexible cords must be connected to devices and fittings so that strain relief is provided which will prevent pull off from being directly transmitted to joints or terminal screws.

60. 1910.305(j) Equipment for general use.
(2)(ii) A receptacle installed in a wet or damp location must be suitable for the location.

61. 1910.307 Hazardous (classified) locations.
(b) Electrical installations.
Equipment, wiring, and installations of equipment in hazardous (classified) locations must be intrinsically safe, approved for the location, or safe for the location.

62. Hazardous Locations Class I locations
Locations in which flammable gasses or vapors are or may be present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.

63. Hazardous Locations Class I, Division 1
Location in which hazardous concentrations of flammable gases or vapors may exist:
Under normal operating conditions
Because of repair or maintenance operations or leakage
Because of breakdown or faulty operation

64. Hazardous Locations Class I, Division 2
Location in which flammable gases or vapors are:
Normally confined within closed containers or systems
Normally kept below hazardous concentrations by ventilation
Normally kept below hazardous concentrations by positive-pressure ventilation (adjacent to Division 1)

65. Hazardous Locations Class II Locations
Locations which are hazardous because of the presence of combustible dust.

66. Hazardous Locations Class II, Division 1
Location where combustible dust may be present due to:
Normal operations
Mechanical failure or abnormal operation of machinery or equipment
combustible dust of an electrically conductive nature may be present.

67. Hazardous Locations Class II, Division 2
Location where:
Combustible dust will not normally be in suspension in ignitable quantities
Dusts may be in suspension as a result of an infrequent malfunction of handling or processing equipment.

68. Hazardous Locations Class III Locations
Locations that are hazardous because of the presence of easily ignitable fibers or flyings but in which such fibers or flyings are not likely to be in suspension in the air in quantities sufficient to produce ignitable mixtures.

69. Hazardous Locations Class III, Division 1
Locations in which easily ignitable fibers or materials producing combustible flyings are handled, manufactured or used.

70. Hazardous Locations Class III, Division 2
Location in which easily ignitable fibers are stored or handled, except in the process of manufacture.

71. 1910.331 - .335 Electrical Safe Work Practices
Covers work practices rather than electrical equipment and installations.
This should be a part of your Lockout/Tagout program

72. Electrical Protective Equipment 29 CFR1910.137 (59 FR 4435)
Design Requirements
In-service Care and Use

73. Electrical Protective Equipment 29 CFR1910.137 (59 FR 4435)
(a)Design Requirements
Insulating blankets,matting, covers, line hose, gloves, and sleeves made of rubber shall meet specified requirements for manufacture, marking, electrical properties, workmanship and finish.

74. (b) In-service Care and Use
Electrical protective equipment shall be maintained in a safe, reliable condition.
Specific requirements for in-service care and use are given for insulating blankets, covers, line hose, gloves, and sleeves made of rubber.

75. Qualified Employee (Qualified Person)
One knowledgeable in the construction and operation of the electric power generation, transmission, and distribution equipment involved, along with the associated hazards.

76. Qualified Employee (Qualified Person)
Must have the training required by paragraph(a)(2)(ii).
Has undergone on-the-job training and has demonstrated an ability to perform duties safely under the direct supervision of a qualified person.

77. One employee was climbing a metal ladder to hand an electric drill to the journey installer on a scaffold about five feet above him. When the victim reached the third rung from the bottom of the ladder he received an electric shock that killed him.

78. The employee was attempting to correct an electrical problem involving two non-operational lamps. He proceeded to the area where he thought the problem was. He had not shut off the power at the circuit breaker panel nor had he tested the wires to see if they were live. He was electrocuted when he grabbed the two live wires with his left hand and then fell from the ladder.