1. History of Special Education—The Past 60 Years
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS

2. Legal Issues in Special Education
**Generally, over the years, special education has been restructured and transformed by legislation

3. Legal Issues in Special Education
In 1948, only 12 percent of all children with disabilities received some form of special education.
By the early 1950s, special education services and programs were available in school districts, but often, undesirable results occurred. For example, students in special classes were considered unable to perform academic tasks.

4. Legal Issues in Special Education
Consequently, they went to special schools or classes that focused on learning manual skills such as weaving and bead stringing. Although programs existed, it was clear that discrimination was still as strong as ever for those with disabilities in schools.

5. Brown vs. Board of Education
Legislation and court cases to prevent discrimination in education first came to notice in 1954 with the famous case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.
**Brown was a discrimination suit

6. Brown vs. Board of Education
In Brown, the Court ruled that it was illegal practice under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution to arbitrarily discriminate against any group of people.
The Court then applied this principle to the schooling of children, holding that a separate education for African American students is not an equal education. In its famous ruling, separate but equal would no longer be accepted.

7. Brown vs. Board of Education
Brown set the precedent for future discrimination cases in education. People with disabilities were recognized as another group whose rights had been violated because of arbitrary discrimination. For children, the discrimination occurred because they were denied access to schools because of their disabilities.

8. Brown vs. Board of Education
Using Brown as their legal precedent, students with disabilities claimed that their segregation and exclusion from school violated their opportunity for an equal education under the 14th amendment of the US constitution-The Equal Protection Clause.
If Brown could not segregate by race, then schools should not be able to segregate or otherwise discriminate by ability and disability.

9. 1960s
In the 1960s, parents began to become advocates for better educational opportunities for their children.
Segregated special classes were not the most appropriate educational setting for many students with disabilities.

10. 1960s
By the end of the 1960s, landmark court cases set the stage for enactment of federal laws to protect the rights of children with disabilities and their parents.
As a result of numerous historical court cases, federal legislation for individuals with disabilities began to develop in the early 1970s.

11. Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act
Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act is a civil rights law enacted in 1973.
It was created to prevent discrimination against all individuals with disabilities in programs that receive federal funds.

12. Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act
Section 504 ensures students of equal opportunity to all school activities.
Prohibits discrimination against students with disabilities in federally funded programs

13. Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act
Individuals with disabilities cannot be excluded from participation in, denied benefits of, or subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.

14. P.L. 94-142 Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA)
Because of the victories that were being won for students with disabilities in the early 1970s, parents and student advocates began to lobby Congress for federal laws and money that would ensure students with disabilities got an education that would meet their needs.

15. P.L. 94-142 Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA)
Years of exclusion, segregation, and denial of basic educational opportunities to students with disabilities and their families set an imperative for a civil rights law guaranteeing these students access to the education system
**In 1975, the stage was clearly set for a national special education law. Public Law

16. P.L. 94-142 Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA)
It is evident that Congress recognized the necessity of special education for children with disabilities and was concerned about the widespread discrimination.
In response, Congress enacted into federal law The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA), Public Law (PL)

17. P.L. 94-142 Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA)
**Was signed into law by President Gerald Ford
**Since was enacted in 1975, the number of students receiving special education has increased by 75%
Public Law set forth federal procedural safeguards for children with disabilities and their parents. This law outlined the entire foundation upon which current special education practices rest.

18. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: IDEA
In 1990, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was reauthorized
Reauthorization--the act of amending and renewing a law.
IDEA-The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. IDEA continued to uphold the provisions set forth in

19. IDEA **Notice IDEA changed the terms in the previous law as follows:
1. from “children” to
“individuals”
2. from “handicapped” to
“with disabilities”

20. IDEA
In July of 2005, IDEA was reauthorized once again. It is now Public Law
The law is still referred to as IDEA except now we call it IDEA 2004….and it’s name is:
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act