1. HERBICIDES

2. BIOLOGICAL Few with practical application Xpo (Xanthomonas bacteria) for Annual bluegrass control

3. SYNTHETIC AMINE AND ESTER FORMULATIONS Adding side group molecules to active ingredient –Amine: Dimethylamine group to an acid –Ester: isooctyl group to an acid

4. SYNTHETIC Amine formulation Less volatile and less non-target effects

5. SYNTHETIC Ester formulation Penetrates leaf easier More volatile (vapor drift) Winter and early spring: cooler temps and less leaves

6. ISOMERS Different versions of same chemical –Left hand versus right hand SYNTHETIC

7. ISOMERS One very effective, the other not at all Isolate effective isomer, get rid of ineffective one –Lower rates, same result (Acclaim Extra) SYNTHETIC

8. SURFACTANTS Formulation surfactants included with product Roundup Pro increased absorption and rainfastness

9. FORMULATION Granular Less volatile Won’t stick to leaves Less phytotoxic effects Cost more: mostly inert ingredients, shipping costs Public acceptance Less staining and easier clean up

10. FORMULATION Liquid More volatile, better post- effect Phytotoxic to non-target Cheap Bad image

11. PREEMERGENT Applied before seed germination –Kills the weed seed as it germinates Timing is critical, will not control established weeds Aeration does not effect control A few herbicides have pre and post activity –Dimension Most often a granular that requires water-in

12. POSTEMERGENCE Applied after weeds have emerged

13. POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDE UPTAKE Soil-applied Absorbed by germinating roots –Some shoots

14. POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDE UPTAKE Foliar-applied Cuticle, the waxy surface of the leaf Leaf hair

15. POSTEMERGENCE FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT INTO LEAF Foliar retention Water carrier –Surface tension of water –Reduced leaf contact

16. POSTEMERGENCE FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT INTO LEAF Foliar retention Spray volume –Complete coverage for contact –Partial coverage for systemic

17. POSTEMERGENCE FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT INTO LEAF Foliar retention Rainfall 6 to 24 hours

18. POSTEMERGENCE Systemic herbicides Move with plant food Kill all parts of the plant Rapid growth favorable for kill

19. POSTEMERGENCE Contact herbicides Kill tissue applied, no distribution throughout plant Membrane destruction in hours Control of annuals Perennials require repeat application FAST

20. MODE OF ACTION SELECTIVE HERBICIDES SEDGE CONTROL Manage Image Certainty Monument

21. MODE OF ACTION GRASS CONTROL Vantage controls bahiagrass MSMA controls crabgrass

22. MODE OF ACTION BROADLEAF CONTROL PHENOXY HERBICIDES (after WWII) 2,4-D, good on dandelion –Many turfgrasses sensitive MCPP (Mecoprop), good on clover

23. MODE OF ACTION BROADLEAF CONTROL PHENOXY HERBICIDES (after WWII) Trimec Bentgrass Selective

24. MODE OF ACTION BROADLEAF CONTROL BENZOIC ACID Dicamba

25. MODE OF ACTION Sulfonylurea family Manor and Blade on broadleaf and grassy Certainty, Sedgehammer and Monument control of sedge, kyllinga and poa

26. MODE OF ACTION Pyridine family Could replace 2,4-D Turflon, Spotlight and Lontrel –10 times more potent than 2,4-D Confront found in compost clippings, limited to commercial use

27. MODE OF ACTION Triazolinone family Quicksilver (Carfentrazone) Speed Zone –2,4-D, MCPP, Dicamba, and Carfentrazone

28. MODE OF ACTION Quinolinecarboxylic acid family Drive for post crabgrass control

29. MODE OF ACTION Triazine family Atrazine soluble, non-target damage Research change frog sex and lending to death –Centipede –St. Augustine

30. MODE OF ACTION NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDES Kills most plants –Glyphosate is systemic (slow) –Diquat is contact (fast) QuikPro (Round-up) combines for quick, systemic kill –Limits systemic effect

31. MODE OF ACTION Fumigation Kills plants, MO, seeds, etc. Methyl Bromide –Odorless –Teargas added

32. MODE OF ACTION Fumigation Plastic cover to prevent leakage –24 to 48 hours

33. MODE OF ACTION Fumigation Methyl Bromide phasout due to ozone-depleting potential Dazomet is unclassified granular fumigant

34. MOSS Low nitrogen and wet areasLow nitrogen and wet areas Copper containing fungicides, soapy solutionsCopper containing fungicides, soapy solutions

35. GENETICALLY MODIFIED TURF (GMO) Genes isolated from other plants, animals or microbes for herbicide and insect resistance Round-up Ready corn and soybeans

36. http://grist.org/industrial- agriculture/a-growing-problem- notes-from-the-superweed-summit/http://grist.org/industrial- agriculture/a-growing-problem- notes-from-the-superweed-summit/

37. PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR Inhibit growth Suppress seedheads Reduce costs and maintenance Enhance turf quality –possibly increase roots –improve shade tolerance –improve roll

38. PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR CELL-DIVISION INHIBITORS, TYPE 1 Vegetative growth Seedhead development

39. PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR CELL-DIVISION INHIBITORS, TYPE 1 Growth inhibition for 3 to 4 weeks Yellowing Embark

40. PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR GIBBERELLIN INHIBITORS, TYPE 2 Suppress cell elongation, internodes shorter 3 to 6 weeks Cutless

41. ORGANIC HERBICIDES SOAPS Fatty acids Stripping cuticle –Dehydrate Safer and M-pede

42. ORGANIC HERBICIDES ESSENTIAL OILS Clove and cinnamon oil –Eugenol Disrupting cell membranes Matran and EcoExempt

43. ORGANIC HERBICIDES ESSENTIAL OILS Citrus oil –Limonene –hand cleaner and degreaser Nature’s Avenger

44. ORGANIC HERBICIDES VINEGAR Acetic acid –Not household vinegar –>20% Not listed it as an herbicide Avoid EPA registration AllDown and Burnout II

45. ORGANIC HERBICIDES PELARGONIC ACID fatty acid synthetically produced –not organic Scythe

46. ORGANIC HERBICIDES CORN GLUTEN Applied 4 to 6 weeks before target dates Contains 10% nitrogen First year, expect 50% weed control Second or third year 90%