1. https://portal.futuregrid.org Big Data in the Cloud: Research and Education September 9 2013 PPAM 2013 Warsaw Geoffrey Fox gcf@indiana.edu http://www.infomall.org http://www.futuregrid.orghttp://www.infomall.orghttp://www.futuregrid.org School of Informatics and Computing Community Grids Laboratory Indiana University Bloomington

2. https://portal.futuregrid.org Some Issues to Discuss Today Economic Imperative: There are a lot of data and a lot of jobs Computing Model: Industry adopted clouds which are attractive for data analytics. HPC also useful in some cases Progress in scalable robust Algorithms: new data need different algorithms than before Progress in Data Intensive Programming Models Progress in Data Science Education: opportunities at universities 2

3. https://portal.futuregrid.org Data Deluge 3

4. https://portal.futuregrid.org 4 Meeker/Wu May 29 2013 Internet Trends D11 Conference IP Traffic per year ~ 12% Total Created

5. https://portal.futuregrid.org 5 Meeker/Wu May 29 2013 Internet Trends D11 Conference

6. https://portal.futuregrid.org Some Data sizes ~40 10 9 Web pages at ~300 kilobytes each = 10 Petabytes LHC 15 petabytes per year Radiology 69 petabytes per year Square Kilometer Array Telescope will be 100 terabits/second; LSST Survey >20TB per day Earth Observation becoming ~4 petabytes per year Earthquake Science – few terabytes total today PolarGrid – 100’s terabytes/year becoming petabytes Exascale simulation data dumps – terabytes/second Deep Learning to train self driving car; 100 million megapixel images ~ 100 terabytes 6

7. https://portal.futuregrid.org 7 4 8 3 10 51 NIST Big Data Use Cases http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/usecases.php

8. https://portal.futuregrid.org 8 6 4 5 10 1 51 NIST Big Data Use Cases http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/usecases.php

9. https://portal.futuregrid.org Jobs 9

10. https://portal.futuregrid.org Jobs v. Countries 10 http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/features/2012/mar12/03-05CloudComputingJobs.aspx

11. https://portal.futuregrid.org McKinsey Institute on Big Data Jobs There will be a shortage of talent necessary for organizations to take advantage of big data. By 2018, the United States alone could face a shortage of 140,000 to 190,000 people with deep analytical skills as well as 1.5 million managers and analysts with the know-how to use the analysis of big data to make effective decisions. At IU, Informatics aimed at 1.5 million jobs. Computer Science covers the 140,000 to 190,000 11 http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/publications/big_data/index.asp.

12. https://portal.futuregrid.org 12 Meeker/Wu May 29 2013 Internet Trends D11 Conference

13. https://portal.futuregrid.org 13 Meeker/Wu May 29 2013 Internet Trends D11 Conference

14. https://portal.futuregrid.org Computing Model Industry adopted clouds which are attractive for data analytics 14

15. https://portal.futuregrid.org 5 years Cloud Computing 2 years Big Data Transformational

16. https://portal.futuregrid.org Amazon making money It took Amazon Web Services (AWS) eight years to hit $650 million in revenue, according to Citigroup in 2010. Just three years later, Macquarie Capital analyst Ben Schachter estimates that AWS will top $3.8 billion in 2013 revenue, up from $2.1 billion in 2012 (estimated), valuing the AWS business at $19 billion.

17. https://portal.futuregrid.org Physically Clouds are Clear A bunch of computers in an efficient data center with an excellent Internet connection They were produced to meet need of public-facing Web 2.0 e-Commerce/Social Networking sites They can be considered as “optimal giant data center” plus internet connection Note enterprises use private clouds that are giant data centers but not optimized for Internet access Exascale build-out of commercial cloud infrastructure: for 2014-15 expect 10,000,000 new servers and 10 Exabytes of storage in major commercial cloud data centers worldwide.

18. https://portal.futuregrid.org Data Intensive Applications and Programming Models 18

19. https://portal.futuregrid.org Clouds & Data Intensive Applications Applications tend to be new and so can consider emerging technologies such as clouds Do not have lots of small messages but rather large reduction (aka Collective) operations – New optimizations e.g. for huge messages “Large Scale Optimization”: Deep Learning, Social Image Organization, Clustering and Multidimensional Scaling which are variants of EM EM (expectation maximization) tends to be good for clouds and Iterative MapReduce – Quite complicated computations (so compute largish compared to communicate) – Communication is Reduction operations (global sums or linear) or Broadcast Machine Learning has FULL Matrix kernels 19

20. https://portal.futuregrid.org Some (NIST)Large Data mining Problems I Find W’s by iteration (Steepest Descent method) Find 11 Billion W’s from 10 million images = 9 layer NN “Pure” Full Matrix Multiplication MPI+GPU gets near optimal performance GPU+MPI 100 times previous Google work Note Datamining often gives full matrices http://salsahpc.indiana.edu/summerworkshop2013/index.html Deep Learning: (Google/Stanford) Recognize features such as bikes or faces with a learning network

21. https://portal.futuregrid.org Protein Universe Browser for COG Sequences with a few illustrative biologically identified clusters Dimension reduction MDS for visualization and clustering in non metric spaces O(N 2 ) algorithms with full matrices Important Online (interpolation) methods Expectation Maximization (Iterative AllReduce) and Levenberg Marquardt with Conjugate Gradient 21

22. https://portal.futuregrid.org Some (NIST)Large Data mining Problems II Determine optimal geo and angle representation of “all” images by giant least squares fit to 6-D Camera pose of each image and 3D position of points in scene Levenberg-Marquardt using Conjugate Gradient to estimate leading eigenvector and solve equations Note such Newton approaches fail for learning networks as too many parameters Need Hadoop and HDFS with “trivial problem” of just 15,000 images and 75,000 points giving 1 TB messages per iteration Over 500 million images uploaded each day (1 in 1000 Eiffel tower) ….. 22

23. https://portal.futuregrid.org Alternative Approach to Image Classification Instead of learning networks one can (always) use clustering to divide spaces into compact nearby regions Characterize images by a feature vector in 512-2048 dimensional spaces (HOG or Histograms of Oriented Gradients) Cluster (K-means) 100 million vectors (100,000 images) into 10 million clusters Giant Broadcast and AllReduce Operations that stress most MPI implementations Note Kmeans (Mahout) dreadful with Hadoop 23

24. https://portal.futuregrid.org Clusters v. Regions In Lymphocytes clusters are distinct In Pathology (NIST Big Data Use Case), clusters divide space into regions and sophisticated methods like deterministic annealing are probably unnecessary 24 Pathology 54D Lymphocytes 4D

25. https://portal.futuregrid.org Map Collective Model (Judy Qiu) Combine MPI and MapReduce ideas Implement collectives optimally on Infiniband, Azure, Amazon …… 25 Input map Generalized Reduce Initial Collective Step Final Collective Step Iterate

26. https://portal.futuregrid.org 4 Forms of MapReduce 26 MPI is Map followed by Point to Point Communication – as in style d)

27. https://portal.futuregrid.org Twister for Data Intensive Iterative Applications (Iterative) MapReduce structure with Map-Collective is framework Twister runs on Linux or Azure Twister4Azure is built on top of Azure tables, queues, storage Compute CommunicationReduce/ barrier New Iteration Larger Loop- Invariant Data Generalize to arbitrary Collective Broadcast Smaller Loop- Variant Data Qiu, Gunarathne

28. https://portal.futuregrid.org Kmeans Clustering on Azure Number of tasks running as function of time This shows that the communication and synchronization overheads between iterations are very small (less than one second, which is the lowest measured unit for this graph). 128 Million data points(19GB), 500 centroids (78KB), 20 dimensions 10 iterations, 256 cores, 256 map tasks per iteration

29. https://portal.futuregrid.org Kmeans Clustering Execution Time per task 128 Million data points(19GB), 500 centroids (78KB), 20 dimensions 10 iterations, 256 cores, 256 map tasks per iteration

30. https://portal.futuregrid.org Shaded areas are computing only where Hadoop on HPC cluster fastest Areas above shading are overheads where T4A smallest and T4A with AllReduce collective has lowest overhead Note even on Azure Java (Orange) faster than T4A C# 30 Kmeans and (Iterative) MapReduce

31. https://portal.futuregrid.org Details of K-means Linux Hadoop and Hadoop with AllReduce Collective 31

32. https://portal.futuregrid.org Data Science Education Opportunities at universities see recent New York Times articles http://datascience101.wordpress.com/2013/04/13/new-york-times-data-science-articles/ 32

33. https://portal.futuregrid.org Data Science Education Broad Range of Topics from Policy to curation to applications and algorithms, programming models, data systems, statistics, and broad range of CS subjects such as Clouds, Programming, HCI, Plenty of Jobs and broader range of possibilities than computational science but similar cosmic issues – What type of degree (Certificate, minor, track, “real” degree) – What implementation (department, interdisciplinary group supporting education and research program) NIST Big Data initiative identifies Big Data, Data Science, Data Scientist as core concepts There are over 40 Data Science Curricula (4 Undergraduate, 31 Masters, 5 Certificate, 3 PhD) 33

34. https://portal.futuregrid.org Computational Science Interdisciplinary field between computer science and applications with primary focus on simulation areas Very successful as a research area – XSEDE and Exascale systems enable Several academic programs but these have been less successful than computational science research as – No consensus as to curricula and jobs (don’t appoint faculty in computational science; do appoint to DoE labs) – Field relatively small Started around 1990 34

35. https://portal.futuregrid.org Data Science at Indiana University Link Statistics & School of Informatics and Computing (Computer Science, Informatics, Information & Library Science) Broader than most offerings Ought IMHO to involve application faculty Areas Data Analysis and Statistics, Data Lifecycle, Infrastructure (Clouds, Security), Applications – How broad should requirements be Offer online Masters in MOOC format in full scale Fall 2014 and as certificate on January 2014. – Also allow residential students in flipped mode Free trial run of my MOOC on Big Data Mid October 2013 35

36. https://portal.futuregrid.org MOOC’s 36

37. https://portal.futuregrid.org 37 Meeker/Wu May 29 2013 Internet Trends D11 Conference

38. https://portal.futuregrid.org Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) MOOC’s are very “hot” these days with Udacity and Coursera as start-ups; perhaps over 100,000 participants Relevant to Data Science (where IU is preparing a MOOC) as this is a new field with few courses at most universities Typical model is collection of short prerecorded segments (talking head over PowerPoint) of length 3-15 minutes These “lesson objects” can be viewed as “songs” Google Course Builder (python open source) builds customizable MOOC’s as “playlists” of “songs” Tells you to capture all material as “lesson objects” We are aiming to build a repository of many “songs”; used in many ways – tutorials, classes … 38

39. https://portal.futuregrid.org 39 Meeker/Wu May 29 2013 Internet Trends D11 Conference

40. https://portal.futuregrid.org 40 Twelve ~10 minutes lesson objects in this lecture IU wants us to close caption if use in real course

41. https://portal.futuregrid.org Customizable MOOC’s We could teach one class to 100,000 students or 2,000 classes to 50 students The 2,000 class choice has 2 useful features – One can use the usual (electronic) mentoring/grading technology – One can customize each of 2,000 classes for a particular audience given their level and interests – One can even allow student to customize – that’s what one does in making play lists in iTunes – Flipped Classroom Both models can be supported by a repository of lesson objects (3- 15 minute video segments) in the cloud The teacher can choose from existing lesson objects and add their own to produce a new customized course with new lessons contributed back to repository 41

42. https://portal.futuregrid.org Key MOOC areas costing money/effort Make content including content, quizzes, homework Record video Make web site Social Networking Interaction for mentoring student- Teaching assistants and student-student Defining how to support computing labs with FutureGrid or appliances + Virtual Box – Appliances scale as download to student’s client – Virtual machines essential Analyse/Evaluate interactions 42

43. https://portal.futuregrid.org 43 FutureGrid hosts many classes per semester How to use FutureGrid is shared MOOC

44. https://portal.futuregrid.org Conclusions 44

45. https://portal.futuregrid.org Conclusions Data Intensive programs are not like simulations as they have large “reductions” (“collectives”) and do not have many small messages – Clouds suitable and in fact HPC sometimes optimal Iterative MapReduce an interesting approach; need to optimize collectives for new applications (Data analytics) and resources (clouds, GPU’s …) Need an initiative to build scalable high performance data analytics library on top of interoperable cloud-HPC platform – Full matrices important More employment opportunities in clouds than HPC and Grids and in data than simulation; so cloud and data related activities popular with students Community activity to discuss data science education – Agree on curricula; is such a degree attractive? Role of MOOC’s for either – Disseminating new curricula – Managing course fragments that can be assembled into custom courses for particular interdisciplinary students 45