1. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 1 Light Pollution in the Near Infrared Ž. Andreić 1, D. Andreić 2 and K. Pavlić 1 1 Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia E-mail: zandreic@rgn.hr, kpavlic@rgn.hr 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. E-mail: dandreic@vef.hr

2. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 2 Overview 1. Introduction 2. CCD and C-MOS cameras 3. visible and infrared sky 4. past and future 5. conclusions

3. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 3 Introduction Light pollution (LP) is usually conected to human vision, so only visible part of EM radiation (light) is considered in studies of LP.

4. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 4 CCD cameras are sensitive to infra-red (IR) up to 1000 nm! and there is "LP" in this spectral region too! IR C-MOS CCD

5. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 5 Modified DSLR camera with filters 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 30040050060070080090010001100 Wavelength (nm) Relative spectral sensitivity UV-IR cut RG-830 no filter

6. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 6 Monitoring methods: modified DSLR + fish-eye lens + filter blue UV-IR cut Nd and -IR 25A R72 RG830 Light sources at the horizon can be hiden by a circular lens hood covering horizon up to 10 o altitude.

7. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 7 semi-rural sky, SQM-L: 20.2 at zenith, UV-IR cut

8. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 8 same sky, RG830 (IR)

9. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 9 Results 10% 20% Visible Infrared 030 6090 030 6090 iso- phote each

10. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 10 Monitoring methods: modified DSLR + spectrograph - Fast prismatic spectrograph - covers 420-1100 nm - wavelength calibration lamp integrated - records natural sky spectrum in 5 min at ISO 1600 with a modified DSLR

11. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 11 LP spectrum, same place Ne comparison Sky spectrum around zenith

12. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 12 Results Na 818,3 nm HP Na lamps

13. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 13 HP-Na bulbs are the culprit! HP-Na sky MH

14. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 14 possible solutions RG 850 custom interference filter? HH

15. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 15 Past and future: HP mercury HP sodium metal halide Incandescent halogen "white" LED IR visible

16. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 16 Conclusions 1. There is strong LP in the near infrared, and it is produced by the same sources responsible for the LP in the visible part of the spectrum. Sodium bulbs produce very strong IR LP. 2. IR is not as crowded with LP spectral lines as visible part of the spectrum, good filtering is still possible. 3. Scattering of the IR light is not as effective as for the visible light, so the IR sky quality is little better. Also, natural sky brightness is higher in the IR, making LP less prominent. 4. Light cirrus clouds are often prominent in the IR, but are invisible in the visible light.

17. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 17 Conclusions 2 5. New metal-halide (MH) lamps polute more than sodium HP lamps, both in the visible and in the IR. 6. LED sources polute only in the visible, but show a very worrysome excess of blue light, that should be filtered at the source at any cost.

18. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 18 The speaker‘s attendance at this conference was sponsored by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. http://www.humboldt-foundation.de Acknowledgements

19. Osnabrueck 2011 - Andreić at al: Light Pollution in the Near Infrared 19 Thank you for your attention! Questions?