1. Drink and Drug Driving Future Challenges Andy Bodkin Centre for Applied Science and Technology 19 th May 2015

2. Overview Recent Challenges in Drug Driving Vision for Drink/Drug Detection Long-term future challenges 2

3. CAST’s role 3 CAST 2014 2013 2012 Guide released Police station Guide released Mobile ISO 17025 First device approved Laboratory evaluation 2015 First mobile device approved 20142012 2013 DfT Expert Panel New offence Crime and Courts Act 2013 Expert Panel reports CAST Advisory Committee Public Consultation Government response New Offence 2015

4. Publication of Requirements Each drug has a cut-off Tests undertaken above and below cut-off Drugs are tested alone/combination Common chemicals are tested (cigarette smoke, caffeine) 15 drugs Open process – Approval, not procurement Device for THC (Dec 2012), mobile device for THC and COC (Dec 2014)

5. Challenge Compared to Alcohol One Device to detect Guinness One Device to detect Vodka This is how Drug Devices might work! The start of the process – remember the tube and bag? 5

6. Oral Fluid Human oral fluid? Huge variable; age, oral hygiene, health, use of medications pH - 6.2-7.4 Viscosity - 1.5 – 4.2 mPa.s Not a procurement -Monitoring performance? -New capability? Volume! (50+ litres) 6

7. Drugs and limits 7 DrugLimit (ng/mL) THC2 Cocaine10 Benzoylecgonine50 Methylamphetamine10 MDMA10 6-MAM5 LSD1 Ketamine20 DrugLimit (ng/mL) Clonazepam50 Diazepam550 Flunitrazepam300 Lorazepam100 Oxazepam300 Temazepam1000 Methadone500 Morphine80 Medical defence will be available – taking medication in line with prescriber’s instructions

8. Recent Challenges - Conclusion Two devices type approved for roadside use for THC and Cocaine Legislation commenced 2 nd March 2015 Initial prosecutions underway. First conviction – Shropshire, 3 yr ban. 8

9. Short-Term Challenges Relationship of oral fluid to blood? Widening Drugs Panel Variables - Time? 9 Lowest detectable level in oral fluid Risk of passive exposure Existing capabilities

10. Vision for Drink/Drug Driving Detection Through skin technologies for blood levels. Alternative Matrix? – Sweat, Oral Fluid – Current DfT Tender 10 Maturity of Technology What Limits? Time for detection?

11. Current Technology 11 SBRI Challenge launched in May 2014: Step-change in the detection and measurement of alcohol and drugs simultaneously in the human body (specifically in blood) Screening test must be non invasive and provide a rapid response Proof of concept stage closed April 2015

12. Other Potential Technology Locking Mechanisms – e.g Alcolock GPS Monitoring – ‘Alcohol Tags’ Roadside Lasers – Polish research 12

13. Future Challenges Automated and Autonomous Vehicles - Near Synthetic Biology – Mid to Long term Electronic Drugs – Potential Long term 13

14. Automated and Autonomous Vehicles 14 Automated – Driver must be alert and can intervene. Autonomous – Driver can undertake other tasks.

15. Synthetic Biology Using genetic modifications to produce or detect drugs. Poppy genes have been added to yeast to produce heroine. Similar to NPS – ability for rapid addition of new illegal drugs. Could also improve drug detection capability. 15

16. Electronic Drugs Direct electronic stimulation of the brain. For example – Binaural Beats. Requires user to wear headphones. Future devices may be unobtrusive. 16 Impairment Definition

17. Drug Potency – Impairment Definition Electronic Drugs and other new drugs could be extremely potent in very small quantities. If undetectable – how define impairment? Need a baseline for individuals – insurance companies could insist. ‘Big Data’ could also provide baseline 17

18. Ethics Data gathering, people monitoring, ‘big data’ in general - many ethical considerations. Worries of ‘Big Brother’ ‘Right to be forgotten’. 18

19. Conclusion Many Challenges May or may not arise Also opportunities – monitoring and remote sensing. Aware of Ethical Concerns. 19

20. Questions Any Questions? 20