1. Chapter 17 Perils of defamation

2. Introduction – the aims of this lecture are to help you understand: Australian defamation law The three components of defamation Why you need to protect yourself The key defences to defamation How to protect yourself

3. The purpose of defamation law We all have a duty to avoid unnecessarily damaging another person’s reputation Defamation law aims attempts to balance free speech against reputation It provides a remedy for a person whose reputation has been unfairly damaged

4. Why should journalists understand defamation law? So they can keep themselves and their employers out of trouble So they are not intimidated by the law Because a sound understanding of the law makes it harder for others to mislead them about legal matters

5. Reversal of onus of proof A person accused of a crime is regarded as innocent until proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt A person accused of the tort of defamation (a civil law) must prove themselves innocent That reversal of proof has a ‘chilling effect’ on journalists

6. What is a tort? Torts date from medieval times The idea is that everyone has a duty of care to others In relation to defamation we have a duty not to damage the good name of another If we do cause such damage without a good excuse, then we have to compensate the person whose name we smeared

7. Defamation defined Defamation can be either verbal (slander) or written (libel), although there is no distinction at law Defamation is any statement which injures a person’s reputation and/or damages their trade or profession It can be written or spoken words, a photograph, drawing, or cartoon

8. There are three elements to defamation A defamatory imputation: A statement or meaning which makes others think less of, or ridicule, a person The imputation must be about or concerning the person who claims to have been defamed The imputation must have been ‘published’

9. What is publication? It is less than most people think At its simplest, publication is deemed to have taken place when a defamatory imputation is communicated to a third person; that is, someone other than the person who created the imputation and the person the imputation was about

10. Beware of innuendo If you are going to defame someone, do it properly – come out and say exactly what you mean Do not leave readers, listeners or viewers to ‘read between the lines’ They might read more into something than you ever intended Words or images need only make a suggestion for a defamation to arise

11. Most defamation happens by accident A journalist does not have to intend to defame someone for that person to sue Defamation by accident – as in putting the wrong caption on the wrong photo – is no excuse Worse, the new Defamation Acts state: ‘State of mind of defendant generally not relevant to awarding damages’

12. Defences Truth, known as justification Contextual truth Absolute privilege Qualified privilege Publication of public documents Fair report of proceedings of public concern Honest opinion Innocent dissemination Triviality

13. Truth / justification The onus is on a defendant to prove that defamatory imputations complained about by a plaintiff are ‘substantially true’ The defendant must really believe that what she/he wrote was true So be absolutely certain that what you write is true – and you can prove it But proving ‘truth’ can be difficult

14. Contextual truth Applies if a defendant can prove that in addition to a broad defamatory imputation a plaintiff complains about, at least one other lesser imputation (a contextual imputation, which may not be 100 per cent correct) does no extra harm to the plaintiff’s reputation because of the substantial truth of the broader, main, imputation

15. Absolute privilege Absolute privilege only applies to participants, such as judges and witnesses giving evidence in open courts and members of parliament speaking in parliaments while they are formally in session In those circumstances absolute privilege protects everything that is said, no matter how defamatory and damaging it is

16. Qualified privilege Can apply if a defendant can prove that a recipient of defamatory information has an interest in having the information, if publication is reasonable in the circumstances and in the public interest Only applies if the person who is defamed has been given an opportunity to put their side of the story Does not apply if publication was motivated by malice

17. Qualified privilege defence applies to: Publication in good faith for the public good Publication in good faith in the course of a discussion of a subject of public interest for the public benefit Personal communications when one person has a duty to be open and honest with another

18. Te benefit from the defence of qualified privilege A publication must be ‘reasonable in the circumstances’ The publication must have included the plaintiff's side of the story, or a reasonable attempt must have been made to obtain a response from the plaintiff Publication must have been without malice

19. Publication of public documents Re-publication of official documents, or fair extracts from official documents Examples include: – Court or tribunal transcripts, orders, and judgments –Reports and papers published by parliaments and local councils –And documents published officially in another country

20. Fair report of proceedings of public concern Applies to reports of: –A parliament –Local council meetings –Courts –Public inquiries and standing commissions of inquiry such as ICAC in New South Wales –International organisations or governments –Sporting tribunals –Public meetings –Meetings of shareholders of public companies

21. Honest opinion Honest opinion is a defence but only if: –A comment article is an expression of opinion on a matter of public interest –The article is fair –It is based on facts –The person who makes the comment honestly believes it –Any person who is criticised is offered a right of reply, or right to put their side of the story

22. Innocent dissemination Can apply to: –Booksellers –Newsagents –Librarians –A broadcaster if it has no effective control over what is said

23. Triviality Publication of defamatory matter unlikely to cause any real harm

24. How to minimise defamation risks Always write to the defences – especially qualified privilege and truth Never make assumptions Make accuracy a habit – spell names correctly Always present all sides of an argument and at least attempt to give each protagonist a say Be fair and balanced Never be malicious Do not write things that are outrageous Clearly distinguish between fact and opinion