1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D. H UMAN P HYSIOLOGY PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University AN INTEGRATED APPROACH T H I R D E D I T I O N Chapter 15 Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arteries: blood from heart Strong & Elastic Conduct blood to capillaries Sphincters Capillaries: exchange with cells Veins Return blood to heart Valves The Blood Vessels and the Cardiovascular System

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arteries endothelium Smooth muscle cell layer adventitia

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Veins “Blood Reservoir” 70% of our blood volume is on the venous side.

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Blood Vessels and the Cardiovascular System Figure 15-1: Functional model of the cardiovascular system

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ARTERIES ARTERIOLES (pressure variability) METARTERIOLES (pressure variability) CAPILLARIES (microcirculation; low pressure) VENULES (microcirculation; low pressure) VEINS

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Make Up of Blood Vessels: Arteries and Arterioles Figure 15-2: Blood vessels

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bypass capillaries Large cells Speed flow Metarterioles Figure 15-3: Metarterioles

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pulsatile: surges in arteries Elastic rebound evens & maintains pressure Blood Pressure: Generated by Ventricular Contraction

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Pressure: Generated by Ventricular Contraction Figure 15-4: Elastic recoil in the arteries

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Pressure (BP): Measurements "Blood pressure" Systolic over diastolic About 120/80 mmHg Sphygmomanometer "Estimate of pressure" Korotkoff sounds

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings More Blood Pressures: Pulse and Mean Arterial Pressures Figure 15-5: Pressure throughout the systemic circulation

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pulse pressure is the strength of the pulse wave. Pulse pressure = Systolic–Diastolic Mean arterial pressure is an estimate of ventricular pressure. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = Diastolic + 1/3 pulse p More Blood Pressures: Pulse and Mean Arterial Pressures

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Pressure (BP): Measurements Figure 15-7: Measurement of arterial blood pressure

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arteriole Resistance: Control of Local Blood Flow Myogenic auto regulation Paracrines: Active hyperemia Reactive hyperemia Sympathetic nerves – CNS Not lecturing on it; but you are responsible for this information.

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lowest Velocity Hydrostatic pressure drops Capillary Blood Flow: Greatest Total Cross Sectional Area Figure 15-17: The velocity of flow depends on the total cross- sectional area

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Capillary Exchange: Filtration; leaves capillary Absorption; enters capillary Plasma (inside capillary) Interstitial fluid or ECF (outside capillary) Colloid osmotic pressure Created by proteins in the plasma (constant) Hydrostatic pressure- like holes in a garden hose. Decreases from artery to venous side!!!

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Capillary Exchange: Colloidal Osmotic Pressure is Constant Figure 15-18a: Fluid exchange at the capillary

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Net filtration – net absorption = net out flow About 2 L/day collected by lymph vessels Net Out Flow Into ECF Figure 15-18b: Fluid exchange at the capillary

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings High on arterial side – bulk flow out Low on venous side – bulk flow in Fenestrations &/or leaky joints speed exchange Capillary Exchange: Hydrostatic Pressure Declines Figure 15-18a: Fluid exchange at the capillary

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphatic System: Structure and Roles (overview) Lymphatic structures Capillaries with valves Lymph vessels Lymph nodes & organs Immune defense Transport of fats Collects excess ECF Returns to plasma Edema

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphatic System: Structure and Roles (overview) Figure 15-19: The lymphatic system

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymph Node; Immune function

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Edema; increase in hydrostatic pressure Abnormal swelling

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regulation of Blood Pressure Medullary cardiac control center Baroreceptor reflex Carotid Aortic PLAY Animation: Cardiovascular System: Blood Pressure Regulation

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regulation of Blood Pressure Figure 15-22: The baroreceptor reflex: the response to increased blood pressure