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Objectives After reading and studying this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the evolution of tourism Define the scope and importance of tourism, both for the U.S. economy and internationally Explain why tourism is described by Gunn and Leiper as a system
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Objectives (cont’d.) Suggest why so many governments promote tourism and why tourist revenue is so highly valued Describe the types and characteristics of tourism
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Introduction We can approach tourism from multiple viewpoints
Areas are interrelated Industry experts recommend a systems approach If something happens in one area, it will likely cause an effect in another
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Introduction (cont’d.)
Figure 1–1 • International Tourist Arrivals, 1950–2020 Source: World Tourism Organization, Tourism 2020 Vision, Volume 1: Africa. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization, (accessed May 24, 2009). © UNWTO,
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Definition of Tourism United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) definition: Activities of persons traveling to, and staying in places outside their usual environment Not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes
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Definition of Tourism (cont’d.)
Important terms: Demand side Tourists’ motivations Supply side Sectors that satisfy tourist needs Infrastructure Components that an area’s residents rely on Superstructure Facilities built to accommodate tourist needs
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A Systems Approach Ludwig von Bertalanffy: Clare Gunn:
General systems theory Defined a system as “a set of elements standing in interrelation among themselves and with the environments”4 Clare Gunn: Functioning tourism system Consists of supply side of attractions, services, promotion, information, and transportation
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A Systems Approach (cont’d.)
Neil Leiper: Holistic approach The tourist People who plan and prepare a visit to another place Geographical regions Traveler-generating region Transit route Tourist destination region Industry element Distribution of travel
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A Systems Approach (cont’d.)
Figure 1–2 • A Tourism System Model Showing the Interdependencies among the Various Elements
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A Systems Approach (cont’d.)
Wall and Mathieson elements Dynamic element Travelers’ decisions to travel to a selected destinations Social, economic, and institutional factors that affect these decisions A stay in the destination Including interaction with the economic, environmental, and social systems of the destination Consequential element Results from preceding elements
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A Systems Approach (cont’d.)
Figure 1–3 • A Conceptual Framework of Tourism Source: Wall and Mathieson, Tourism: Change, Impacts and Opportunities, p. 20. Pearson/Prentice Hall. Harlow, Essex, U.K Permission kindly granted.
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Perspectives of Tourism
We can study tourism from several perspectives Holistic interdisciplinary approach Includes all elements of Figure 1–2 Also includes several other elements (e.g., geography, motivation, marketing, economics, policy, agriculture, etc.)
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The Tourism Product Narrow sense Wider sense
Consists of what the tourist buys Wider sense Combination of what the tourist does at the destination and services used
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The Tourism Product (cont’d.)
Characteristics of a tourism product: Service, which is intangible (e.g., cannot be inspected physically) Psychological in attraction Varies in quality and standards Supply side is fixed (e.g., more hotel rooms cannot be instantly created to meet demand)
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Characteristics of Tourism
Major types: Internal tourism Residents of a country visiting other parts of their own country Domestic tourism Inbound tourism plus internal tourism
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Characteristics (cont’d.)
International tourism Inbound tourism, which are visits to a country or region by nonresident Outbound tourism Visits by residents of a country or region to another country or region
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Characteristics (cont’d.)
Combination of phenomena and relationships Dynamic elements (the journey) and static elements (the stay) Movement to destinations is temporary Not connected with paid work Tourist goes to the product
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Characteristics (cont’d.)
Tourism products are not used up Labor-intensive People-oriented Multidimensional Seasonal Dynamic
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Tourism Industry Sectors
Several interacting industries make up the tourism system, including: Transportation Lodging Attractions Foodservice
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Industry Sectors (cont’d.)
Figure 1–4 • The Interrelated Nature of the Tourism System Source: Walker, John R., Introduction to Hospitality Management, 3rd., © Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
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Tourism Past Preindustrial age Cruises on the Nile
Wealthy Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans Olympics The wheel and roads Trade The Grand Tour
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Tourism Past (cont’d.) Trains Steam power gave birth to rail travel
Causes of increased growth: Need to move goods Politics, immigrants, and labor Travel and tourism Causes of decline: New modes of transportation (e.g., bus, car, and airplanes) Great Depression
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Tourism Past (cont’d.) Cruising
Until 1830, travel by ship was primitive Mostly used for discovery, trading, or migration The Peninsula and Orient (P&O) company First to offer cruises between Britain, Spain, and Portugal
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Tourism Past (cont’d.) Automobile travel
Internal combustion engine automobile Emerged from steam engines Henry Ford Automobile assembly line Model-T Ford Increased leisure travel
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Tourism Past (cont’d.) Air travel Wright brothers
1935 commercial flights became feasible World War II Pressed planes into military service 1950 commercial jet airplanes Boeing 700 series
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Tourism Present Main elements: Vital force for peace Social importance
Economic importance Cultural enrichment Employment opportunities Educational significance
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Tourism Present (cont’d.)
Jafar Jafari’s platforms: Advocacy platform Many were advocating for tourism development Cautionary platform Studies that argued tourism is not all benefits Adaptancy platform Favoring one alternative over another Knowledge based platform Combined the platforms
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Tourism Present (cont’d.)
Scope of travel and tourism Mass travel and tourism After World War II superhighways, commercial jets, and disposable income made it possible Travel flows change continuously Depend on economic conditions Includes exchange rates, political factors, and business conditions Business power of Japan, China, and India
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Tourism Present (cont’d.)
Figure 1–5 • International Tourist Arrivals, Most Visited Countries Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization, “International Tourist Arrivals by Country of Destination,” UNWTO World Tourism Barometer 6, no. 2 (June 2008), (accessed August 1, 2008). © UNWTO,
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Tourism Present (cont’d.)
Figure 1–6 • International Tourism Receipts, Top Tourism Earning Countries Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization, “International Tourism Receipts,” UNWTO World Tourism Barometer 6, no. 2 (June 2008), (accessed August 2, 2008). © UNWTO,
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Tourism Present (cont’d.)
Business travel Meetings, conferences, seminars, workshops, and training sessions Incentive travel Normal business travel May be a combination of first two Research and teaching travel
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Domestic Travel and Tourism
Domestic leisure travel Large and growing sector Includes travel for recreation, visiting friends and relatives, history and culture, attractions, entertainment, cruising, and sightseeing Domestic business travel Includes all forms that are work related MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences, exhibitions)
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Interrelated Business
Travel and tourism industry involves a complex set of interrelated businesses Hospitality, travel, and tourism businesses Retailers Transportation sector Recreation or gaming facilities Hotels and restaurants
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Where Do Americans Travel?
Many possible destinations Some are more popular than others Most Americans tend to think of vacation spots as beaches, mountains, and forests Many vacations take place in major cities Main purpose of a vacation is sightseeing, recreation, and visiting friends and relatives Followed by trips for business or conventions
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Tourism and You World Travel and Tourism Council
Tourism industry is expected to grow 50 percent faster than other sectors Excellent career option Already the largest of all sectors of world employment
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