1. Environment and Reduction of Emissions The Application in Ships
BMT TITRON
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2. IMO Emission Standards – Annex VI Tier III2
IMO Emission Standards – Annex VI Tier III
Global Requirements:
NOX – Nitrogen Oxides, Regulation 13
from 1st January 2011 – Tier II, 14.4g/kWh low speed engine
and less for medium speed engines, according to operating speed
SOX – Sulphur Oxides, Regulation 14
from 1st January % by weight
from 1st January 2020 – 0.5% by weight
Inside Established ECA (SECA) Areas:
NOX – Nitrogen Oxides, Regulation 13
from 1st January 2016 – Tier III, maximum permitted 3.4g/kWh
from 1st January % by weight
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3. Emission Control Areas3
Emission Control Areas
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4. Reduction in Emissions – The Options4
Reduction in Emissions – The Options
Existing Vessels:
Upgrades and Conversions
Recent diesel engines can, in some cases, be upgraded to operate on gas as a fuel. However, this is only an option if the engine builder has made the necessary provisions in the base engine
SCR / Scrubbers
NOX can be reduced by the application of exhaust gas treatment using SCRs or exhaust gas recirculation and scrubbing. However, each of these treatments have by-products which have to be catered for
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5. Reduction in Emissions – The Options5
Reduction in Emissions – The Options
Vessel Fuels:
LNG as a Fuel - LNG Bunkering
LNG (liquefied natural gas) is natural gas that has been cooled down to -162oC
In this condition, at ambient pressure, membrane storage or similar is required
Type C storage allows for bunker capacities of up to 500m3 and 7 bar pressure
Natural gas is a fossil fuel that emits about 25% less carbon dioxide during combustion than oil
The gas burns with a clean flame, emitting neither dust nor soot and is sulphur-free, low in nitrogen oxide emissions
LNG is relatively difficult to ignite
Regulations for vessels stipulate that LNG must be at least as safe a fuel as oil
LNG bunkering of vessels is becoming available at rates up to 1,250m3/hr
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6. Reduction in Emissions – The Options6
Reduction in Emissions – The Options
Vessel Fuels:
Low Sulphur Fuels
Low Sulphur fuels are currently available at 0.1% sulphur for use in SECAs. Operationally, care must be taken with the transfer from heavy oil to low sulphur diesel to ensure that waxing contamination of the fuel system does not occur
Oil majors are currently developing and producing a series of refined fuel oils with the aim of reducing emissions to satisfy the requirements of Tier III. However, these fuels are significantly higher priced than LNG and normal fuel oils
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7. Reduction in Emissions – The Options7
Reduction in Emissions – The Options
Costs / Savings:
The cost of a two stroke, slow speed engine is approximately twice that of an equivalent diesel unit, whereas the cost of a medium speed, four stroke engine carries about a 20% surcharge over the equivalent diesel unit. It follows, therefore, that the repayment of the initial investment takes longer for the higher powered, two stroke engines.
If we consider the current costs of low sulphur fuel oil, marine gas oils, and LNG there is a cost advantage to using LNG over marine gas oil. However, low sulphur fuel oil is currently about the same price as LNG. How long this will continue is a guess, but the consensus of opinion seems to indicate that crude oil costs will rise to circa $80 per barrel by the end of At this level, LNG is then competitive on a world-wide scale. LNG loaded in the US/Canada is advantageous even at current fuel prices.
However, the driver of emissions requirements in ECAs make LNG an obvious alternative for new tonnage.
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8. Overall Emissions Profile8
Overall Emissions Profile
Comparison LP vs HP engine emissions
CO2 and SOx reduced in gas operation due to fuel composition
NOx very low with LP technology due to lower peak temperature
PM further reduced by the DF technology with lean-burn Otto combustion with pre-chamber ignition
Methane slip on LP dual fuel reduces equivalent CO2 reduction from -25% to -15%. However, all other emissions are Tier III compliant
Data provided by Wartsila
Tier3!
-25%
-37%
-99%
-96%
-98%
-85%
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9. LNG Powered Mama Vessel9
LNG Powered Mama Vessel
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10. BMT TITRON – LNG Bunker Vessel10
BMT TITRON – LNG Bunker Vessel
Bunker vessels capable of transporting 3,750m3 to 13,000m3 LNG and delivering at up to 1,250m3/hr and able to recover and process the vapour return stream from the receiving vessel are being developed by BMT TITRON
The bunker vessel will be able to provide all required inerting and control equipment to make the process as safe as it possible
BMT TITRON has developed a bunker procedure using best practice from the LNG industry, which can be merged with the receiving company’s vessel SMS to ensure the LNG transfer is carried out in a manner that will mitigate any risks associated with the process
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11. BMT TITRON – Capability11
BMT TITRON – Capability
BMT TITRON has its roots in the UK and Hong Kong and operates world-wide developing partnerships with leading companies using its extensive international experience of corporate development to explore commercial opportunities
It incorporates a multi-disciplinary capability based on our extensive knowledge and practical based know how in delivering innovative approaches to design, based upon the needs and the requirements of the commercial opportunities
BMT TITRON (UK) Limited (BTUK) operates globally from its Ship Design Centre, close to the River Tyne, a traditional maritime centre. BTUK focuses upon the design and development of specialist ships and marine transport which require application of new technologies and innovation in design to deliver high efficiency and effectiveness in cargo carrying capacity and operating costs
BTUK has extensive experience of developing fuel efficient vessels to meet the highest environmental standards and optimise fuel consumption as well as vessel conversion projects
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12. Environment and Reduction of Emissions The Application in Ships
BMT TITRON
Environment and Reduction of Emissions The Application in Ships V1 1