1. “Fuel Quality and Vehicle Emissions” Michael P. Walsh Developing Fuel Quality Roadmaps in Asia Manila, May 22, 2006

3. Why Are Fuels Important? Fuel Constituents Directly Affect Emissions Fuel Changes Can Immediately Impact on Emissions/Air Quality Fuel Composition Can Enable/Disable Pollution Control Technology ÖL

4. Motivation For Improved Fuels Qualities n Carbon monoxide (CO) n Hydrocarbons (HC) n Nitrogen oxides (NO X ) n Particulate matter (PM) n Sulfur (SO 2 ) n Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) n Greenhouse Gases Improved fuel qualities Improved air quality Environmental benefits Reduced emissions n Gasoline – Lead/Sulfur n Diesel –Sulfur n Other Parameters n Improved human health n Reduced corrosion n Improved crop yield n Less acidification, eutrophication and forest damage n Climate Change

5. Ambient Pb Concentrations in Bangkok and Pb in Gasoline from 1988 - 1998 Premium ULG was introduced in 1991 Regular ULG was introduced in 1993 Complete phase out of regular leaded gasoline in 1993 Complete phase out of premium leaded gasoline in 1995

6. Percentage of School Children with Blood Pb Levels ≥ 10  g/dl Levels ≥ 10  g/dl

7. The Three-way Catalytic Converter: A Familiar Technology Re- Engineered for High Performance in Close-coupled and Underfloor Applications Layered washcoat architectures and support materials with high thermal stability Integrated HC adsorption functions Mounting materials with improved durability High cell density ceramic or metallic substrates Insulation schemes for heat management Can Only Be Used With Lead Free Fuel!

8. Lead Free Gasoline Worldwide, 2004 Lead Free Gasoline Worldwide, 2004

9. Status of Lead Free Gasoline in Asia 100% Lead Free

10. Sulfur in Fuel is the Next Priority Lowers Emissions From Existing Vehicles –SO 2 From All Vehicles –PM From Diesel Vehicles –CO, HC, NOx, Toxics From All Catalyst Vehicles Enables Advanced Technologies & Tight Standards For New Vehicles Enables Retrofit Technologies To Clean Up Existing Vehicles

11. The “Technology Enabling” Fuels Story in Europe -Introduction of Lower Sulphur Fuels - Lowering of sulphur levels on both Diesel (to 2000ppm) and Gasoline (unleaded to 500 ppm) in late 80’s largely driven by direct concerns over urban air quality (SO 2 )Lowering of sulphur levels on both Diesel (to 2000ppm) and Gasoline (unleaded to 500 ppm) in late 80’s largely driven by direct concerns over urban air quality (SO 2 ) Further move on Transport Diesel in early 90’s (2000  500 ppm largely seen as “enabling” step for oxidation catalyst on LD Diesel required to meet 1996 emission standardsFurther move on Transport Diesel in early 90’s (2000  500 ppm largely seen as “enabling” step for oxidation catalyst on LD Diesel required to meet 1996 emission standards First European Auto Oil programme (93-96) indicates lower sulphur gasoline enhances catalyst performance: 2000 limit: 150ppm and 2005 limit at 50ppmFirst European Auto Oil programme (93-96) indicates lower sulphur gasoline enhances catalyst performance: 2000 limit: 150ppm and 2005 limit at 50ppm Same programme indicated lower sulphur diesel contributes to lower particulates both directly and through enabling higher performance technology: 2000 limit: 350ppm and 2005 limit at 50ppmSame programme indicated lower sulphur diesel contributes to lower particulates both directly and through enabling higher performance technology: 2000 limit: 350ppm and 2005 limit at 50ppm More recent concerns over growing CO 2 contribution from road transport has driven move to “Ultra Low” sulphur gasoline and diesel to facilitate “high fuel efficiency”/“high environmental performance” transport :More recent concerns over growing CO 2 contribution from road transport has driven move to “Ultra Low” sulphur gasoline and diesel to facilitate “high fuel efficiency”/“high environmental performance” transport :

12. European Fuel Sulfur Levels (PPM) Widely Available In 2005; 100% In 2009

13. The Three-way Catalytic Converter: A Familiar Technology Re- Engineered for High Performance in Close-coupled and Underfloor Applications Layered washcoat architectures and support materials with high thermal stability Integrated HC adsorption functions Mounting materials with improved durability High cell density ceramic or metallic substrates Insulation schemes for heat management Maximum Emissions Performance Is Achieved With Near Zero Sulfur Fuel

14. Impact on Vehicles Meeting EURO 3 Standards

15. Impact of Sulfur on Emissions From 5 Euro 3 Chinese Cars After 80,000 Kilometers

16. The Effect of Fuel Sulfur on NH3 and Other Emissions from 2000-2001 Model Year Vehicles CRC Project No. E-60 Over the US06 cycle, statistically significant increases in NH3 emissions with increasing gasoline sulfur levels. Fleet average NH3 emissions for the 150 ppm fuel were 27% higher than those for the 5 ppm and 12% higher than those for the 30 ppm fuel. For the FTP, NOx emissions were higher at a statistically significant level for the 150 ppm fuel compared with both the 5 and 30 ppm sulfur fuels. For fleet average NMHC, emissions were higher at statistically significant levels for the 150 ppm fuel compared with the 30 ppm fuel, although the magnitude of this fuel effect was small. There was a statistically significant increase in N2O emissions for the 150 ppm fuel compared to both the 30 and 5 ppm fuels on the FTP. The effects of fuel sulfur on both fleet average NMHC and NOx emissions were found to be statistically significant over the US06 cycle. The magnitude of the fuel sulfur effects over the US06 for NMHC and NOx was also found to be larger on a relative basis than those found for the FTP cycle. For fleet average CO emissions, only the fuel effects between the 5 and 150 ppm fuels were found to be statistically significant at the 90% confidence limits.

17. Impact on Vehicles Meeting EURO 3 Standards

18. Oxidation Catalyst PM Filter

19. 20002002200420052006200720082010 EPA 98 NOx = 4.0 P = 0.10 EPA 04 NOx = 2.5 P = 0.10 EPA 07 NOx = 0.25 P = 0.01 EURO III NOx = 5.0 P = 0.10 Combined EURO III-IV EURO IV NOx = 3.5 P = 0.02 EURO V NOx=2.0 P=0.02 Diesel 15 ppm Diesel 50/10 ppm g/bhp-hr g/kW-hr Consent Decree 10/02 10/0510/08 Close Linkage Between Vehicle Emissions Standards and Fuel Sulfur Levels EPA EURO 15 months Caterpillar, Cummins, Detroit Diesel, Volvo, Mack Trucks/Renault Navistar

20. Measurement results indicate that Diesel PM levels have been significantly reduced. （ With cooperation from the Bureau of Construction ） Cancer- causing agents Up to - 58% Carbon (EC) - 49% Comparison of two two-day periods Mar. 11-12, 2001 (Left bars, black and yellow) Nov. 9-10, 2003 (Right bars, black and yellow) Comparison of two two- month periods Sept.-Oct. 2001 (Left bar) Sept.-Oct. 2003 (Right bar) Carbon (EC) - 30% Cancer- ausing agents - 36% Comparison of two six-day periods Sept.-Oct. 2000 (Left bar) Oct.- Nov. 2003 (Right bar) Meguro St. roadside (By Prof. Uchiyama of Kyoto University) Osakabashi Air Monitoring Station Iogi Tunnel （ Loop 8 ） （ Emissions reduced per vehicle ） Roadside Automobile tunnel WithoutWith Weather influence （ By the Research Institute for Environmental Protection ） Metropolitan Tokyo in-Use Diesel Retrofit Program

22. Impact of Fuels on Light Duty Diesel Vehicles Diesel Fuel Characteristic Pre- Euro Eur o 1 Euro 2Euro 3Euro 4Euro 5 [ [ Sulfur↑SO 2, PM↑If oxidation catalyst is used, SO 3, SO 2, PM↑ If Filter, 50 ppm maximum, 10- 15 ppm better Cetane↑Lower CO, HC, benzene, 1,3 butadiene, formaldehyde & acetaldehyde Density↓PM, HC, CO, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde & benzene↓, NO X ↑ Volatility (T95 from 370 to 325 C) NO X, HC increase, PM, CO decrease Polyaromatics↓NO X, PM, formaldehyde & acetaldehyde↓ but HC, benzene & CO ↑

23. Impact of Fuels on Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles Diesel Pre- Euro Euro 1 Euro 2Euro 3Euro 4Euro 5 Sulfur↑SO 2, PM↑If oxidation catalyst is used, SO 3, SO 2, PM↑ If Filter, 50 ppm maximum, 10- 15 ppm better Cetane↑Lower CO, HC, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde & acetaldehyde Density↓HC, CO ↑, NO X ↓ Volatility (T95 from 370 to 325 C) Slightly lower NO X but increased HC Polyaromatics↓NO X, PM, HC ↓

24. Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissions from Light Duty Vehicles GasolineNo CatalystEuro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3Euro 4 Euro 5 Lead ↑Pb, HC↑CO, HC, NO X all increase dramatically as catalyst destroyed Sulfur ↑ (50 to 450 ppm) SO 2 ↑CO, HC, NO X all increase ~15-20% SO 2 and SO 3 increase Olefins ↑Increased 1,3 butadiene, increased HC reactivity, NO X, small increases in HC for Euro 3 and cleaner Aromatics ↑Increased benzene in exhaust potential increases in HC, NO X HC↑, NO X ↓, CO↑ HC, NO X, CO ↑ Benzene ↑Increased benzene exhaust and evaporative emissions Ethanol ↑ up to 3.5% O 2 Lower CO, HC, slight NO X increase (when above 2% oxygen content), Higher aldehydes Minimal effect with new vehicles equipped with oxygen sensors, adaptive learning systems MTBE ↑ up to 2.7% O 2 Lower CO, HC, higher aldehydes Minimal effect with new vehicles equipped with oxygen sensors, adaptive learning systems

25. Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissions from Light Duty Vehicles (Continued) GasolineNo CatalystEuro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3Euro 4 Euro 5 Distillation Characteristics T50, T90↑ Probably HC↑HC↑ MMT ↑Increased Manganese Emissions Possible Catalyst Plugging Likely Catalyst Plugging RVP ↑Increased evaporative HC Emissions Deposit control additives ↑ Potential HC, NO X emissions benefits

26. Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissions from Motorcycles GasolineNo Catalyst India 2005Euro 3India 2008Taipei, China Stage 4 Lead ↑Pb, HC↑CO, HC, NO X all increase dramatically as catalyst destroyed Sulfur ↑ (50 to 450 ppm) SO 2 ↑CO, HC, NO X all increase SO 2 and SO 3 increase Olefins ↑Increased 1,3 butadiene, HC reactivity and NO X Aromatics ↑Increased benzene exhaust Benzene ↑Increased benzene exhaust and evaporative emissions Ethanol ↑ up to 3.5% O 2 Lower CO, HC, slight NO X increase Minimal effect with oxygen sensor equipped vehicles MTBE ↑ up to 2.7% O 2 Lower CO, HC Minimal effect with O 2 sensor equipped vehicles

27. Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissions from Motorcycles Continued GasolineNo Catalyst India 2005 Euro 3India 2008 Taipei, China Stage 4 Distillation characteris tics T50, T90 ↑ Probably HC↑ HC↑ MMT ↑Increased Manganes e Emissions Possible Catalyst Plugging RVP ↑Increased evaporative HC Emissions Deposit control additives ↑ potential emissions benefits

28. Conclusions Reformulated diesel fuels can effectively reduce oxides of nitrogen and particulate emissions from all diesel vehicles. These fuels have reduced sulfur, reduced aromatics, and increased cetane number. Certain Aftertreatment technologies are especially sensitive to the sulfur content of the fuel. Gasoline properties that can be adjusted to reduce emissions include, roughly in order of effectiveness, sulfur level, vapor pressure, distillation characteristics, light olefin content, and aromatic content. Catalyst technology is emerging for 2-3 wheeled vehicles and therefore lead free and lower sulfur gasoline will be important for these vehicles as well. Monitoring programs are necessary to assure that specifications are achieved and to minimize or eliminate adulturation