1. Write the Q and your name: Outline and evaluate the biological model as an explanation for the maintenance of one addictive behaviour. (4 marks + 4 marks) Put your images on the desk!

5. Understand how the Learning Approach: explains Initiation, Maintenance and Relapse Learn some supporting studies Evaluate the Theory using: Situational vs Dispositional Type of data (qualitative/quantitative) Applications? Nature vs Nurture Determinism vs Free Will Ethnocentric bias Reductionism vs Holism Scientific?

6. Learning Approach: Explaining Initiation, Maintenance and Relapse It’s all about punishment and reward! Operant Conditioning Initial Rewards: behaviour is repeated Rewards are continuous: behaviour is repeated = maintenance Relapse occurs when an associated equipment, person or environment is experienced again

7. Continuous and Intermittent Rewards  How does this link to Gambling?

8. Classical Conditioning Hand out

9. Supporting Studies

10. Carter and Tiffany (1999) Addicts react to things associated with their addiction in similar way to actual addiction itself. SMOKING CUES: matches, lighters, cigarette boxes, ashtrays. GAMBLING CUES: betting slips/shops, gambling odds in newspapers These cues elicit conditioned responses even in the absence of the actual smoking or gambling behaviour: Psychological (craving) and Physiological (Sweating, increased heart rate)

11. The patient stayed in his bedroom (which was dimly lit and contained apparatus necessary for his care), and received injections in this environment. For some reason, after staying in this bedroom for about a month, the patient left his bed and went to the living room (which was brightly lit and different in many ways from the bedroom/sickroom). He was in considerable pain in the living room, and, as it was time for his next scheduled morphine administration, he was administered his usual dose of the drug. The patient quickly displayed signs of opiate overdose (constricted pupils, shallow breathing), and died a few hours later. (p. 510). (Siegal, 2001)

12. Siegal’s explanation…

13. Siegal et al (1982)  Injected rats with heroin every other day for 30 days  They increased the dose gradually over time so that the rats eventually could tolerate high doses.  Group 1. Received injections in Room 1  Group 2. Received injections in Room 2

14. After 30 days; rats were given a very large dose of heroin, twice as much as they had ever received before. Different condition: 64% died Same condition: 32% died. The environmental stimuli in which drug addicts usually take the drug serve as a CS that produces a CR that increases tolerance for the drug’s effects.

15. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs4F28jsvuA What does Brian ‘blame’ for his addiction? How does the army link to his drinking problem? How was his peer group to blame? What was the resolution to his addiction? How do all the aspects of his addiction provide evidence for SLT as a cause of addiction?