1. HUMANISM CHANGING CHRISTENDOM The Reformation and Counter-Reformation

2. THE REFORMATION  Reform: To improve or bring changes to make something better.  The Reformation was a movement that attempted to bring changes to the Roman Catholic Church.  The Protestant churches were born from the Reformation.

3. CRITICISM OF THE CHURCH  Since the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church was not following its own rules of conduct.  Instead of honouring their vows of poverty and chastity, the pope and the bishops were living in luxury.

4. HUMANISTS AND THE CHURCH  In 1511, Erasmus published Praise of Folly, a book which criticized the excess of the clergy.  The humanists wanted the Bible to be translated into local languages so that common people could read it. It was only in Latin before.

5. THE BIRTH OF PROTESTANTISM  In 1517, the Pope began to sell indulgences. He told people that they would go right to heaven, if they gave money.  Martin Luther, a German monk, protested against the selling of indulgences and was excommunicated (banished) from the Catholic Church.  Martin Luther founded the Lutheran Church.

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7. THE BIRTH OF PROTESTANTISM  John Calvin was another reformer.  He placed a lot of importance on knowledge about the human being, as opposed to just knowledge of God.  Calvin believed that being rich was a blessing from God.  He founded the Calvinist Church.

8. THE BIRTH OF PROTESTANTISM  In 1534, Henry VIII, king of England, took authority over the pope who refused to allow Henry to divorce his wife.  Henry VIII separated himself from the Catholic Church, because the Catholic Church did not allow divorce.  Henry VIII started the Anglican Church.

9. THE COUNTER-REFORMATION  When the leaders of the Catholic Church saw how successful the Protestant movement was, they decided that change needed to happen in the Catholic Church.  This change is known as the Counter-Reformation.

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11. THE COUNCIL OF TRENT  In 1545, Pope Paul III called an assembly to meet in the Italian city of Trent. These meeting formed the basis of the Counter-Reformation.  The assembly continued to meet for 18 years and made some agreements: 1.Parish priests would be supervised. 2.Priests had to be educated in colleges. 3.An official Latin Bible was produced. 4.The 13 th Century Inquisition was strengthened (right to burn heretics). 5.New Catholic orders (i.e. Jesuits) were established to convert pagans to Catholicism.

12. THE EFFECTS OF THE COUNTER- REFORMATION  Instead of re-uniting all Christians (the Catholics and the Protestants), the Council of Trent made the division between the Catholics and Protestants final.  The Council of Trent revived enthusiasm for the Catholic Church.  Because of the Catholics’ renewed enthusiasm, the Protestant Church did not spread as much as it could have.

13. THE DIVISION OF CHRISTENDOM  The first division that happened in the Christian Church was in the 11 th century, where the Eastern Christians split from the Western Christians. The Eastern Christians became known as the Orthodox Christians and the Western were known as the Catholics.  After the 16 th century Reformation, the European Christians were divided in 3 different groups: Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant.  These divisions caused a lot of bloodshed not only between countries, but inside countries also.

14. QUESTIONS 1. What was the Reformation? 2. Why did the Reformation happen? 3. Could the Reformation have been prevented? If so, how? If not, why? 4. What was the role of humanism in the Reformation? 5. Before the Reformation, who held ultimate power? 6. How was this power broken during the Reformation and who did it go to? 7. What was the Counter-Reformation? 8. What were the goals of the Counter-Reformation? 9. Were these goals met? If so, how? If not, what was established by the Counter-Reformation? 10. Name the three branches of European Christianity that were established by the end of the 16 th century. Describe their attitudes towards one another.