1. EMMANUEL BRUNET-JAILLY ebrunetj@uvic.ca Historical Overview of European Integration

2. Member States of the European Union Candidate countries and potential candidates The European Union – today EU 28

3. Historical Overview of European Integration 1945-59 Peaceful Europe/starting cooperation 1960-69 – Economic growth 1970-79 – A growing community – first enlargement 1980-89 – The changing Europe/Fall of Berlin Wall 1990-99 – Europe without frontiers 2000-09 – Further expansion 2010 – today – A decade of challenges

4. Six_Member states - 1951

5. Historical Overview of European Integration 1945-59 Peaceful Europe/starting cooperation  The IIWW  Council of Europe/six want to go further  1950 Robert Schuman proposes deeper cooperation  (May 9 Europe Day)  1951 - Coal and Steel communities  1957 – expand cooperation in Atomic energy and other economic sectors – Treaty of Rome creates the Common Market (European Economic Community) Free movement of people, goods and services

6. Historical Overview of European Integration 1960-69 – Economic growth  1962 – Common Agriculture Policy – to grow enough food across the members to be self sufficient  1963 – Partnership with Africa, Caribbean and Pacific – links development and human rights  1968 – Custom duties – world largest trading group

7. Historical Overview of European Integration 1945-59 – A peaceful Europe – Starting cooperation 1960-69 – Economic growth 1970-79 – A growing community/first enlargement 1980-89 – The changing Europe/Fall of Berlin Wall 1990-99 – Europe without frontiers 2000-09 – Further expansion 2010 – today – A decade of challenges

8. 9_Member states -1973

9. Historical Overview of European Integration 1970-79 – A growing community/first enlargement  1972 – Single Currency – Le ‘Serpent Monétaire Européen’ – or European Rate Mechanism (ERM) (baby euro)  1973 – Denmark, Ireland and UK join-in  1974 European Regional Development Funds  1979 European Parliament directly elected (first pan- European groups: socialist, conservative, liberal, greens)

10. Historical Overview of European Integration 1945-59 – A peaceful Europe – Starting cooperation 1960-69 – Economic growth 1970-79 – A growing community – first enlargement 1980-89 – The changing Europe/Fall of Berlin Wall 1990-99 – Europe without frontiers 2000-09 – Further expansion 2010 – today – A decade of challenges

11. 10_Member states - 1981

12. 12_Member states - 1986

13. Historical Overview of European Integration 1980-89 – The changing Europe/Fall of Berlin Wall  1981 Greece – a new member  1984 – first research and development programs  1986 – Portugal and Spain join-in  1986 – Single European Act –takes-on the weaknesses of the EEC (Common Market) to further integration: core institutions are empowered.  1987 – Erasmus policies – 2 million students study away from home  1989 – fall of Berlin wall – East and West Germany join

14. Historical Overview of European Integration 1945-59 – A peaceful Europe – Starting cooperation 1960-69 – Economic growth 1970-79 – A growing community – first enlargement 1980-89 – The changing Europe/Fall of Berlin Wall 1990-99 – Europe without frontiers 2000-09 – Further expansion 2010 – today – A decade of challenges

15. 15_Member states - 1995

16. Historical Overview of European Integration 1990-99 – Europe without frontiers  1992 Treaty of European Union (Maastricht): single currency (EURO), foreign and security policy, justice and home affairs. The European Union exists:  Anthem: http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic- information/symbols/anthem/index_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/about-eu/basic- information/symbols/anthem/index_en.htm  Moto  Flag

17. The EU symbols The European flag The European anthem The euro Europe Day, 9 May The motto: United in diversity

18. Historical Overview of European Integration 1990-99 – Europe without frontiers  1993 - Single market: four freedoms: goods, services, people and money  1995 – Austria, Finland and Sweden  1995 – Schengen - no passports  1997 – New reforms of EU with Amsterdam – employment and human rights  1999 – the Euro is introduced

19. Historical Overview of European Integration 1945-59 – A peaceful Europe – Starting cooperation 1960-69 – Economic growth 1970-79 – A growing community – first enlargement 1980-89 – The changing Europe/Fall of Berlin Wall 1990-99 – Europe without frontiers 2000-09 – Further expansion 2010 – today – A decade of challenges

20. 25_Member states - 2004

21. 27_Member states 2007

22. Historical Overview of European Integration 2000-09 – Further expansion  2002 - Euro notes and coins arrive  2003 - Expansion of EU citizen rights (freedom, security and justice)  2004 – eight new countries join-in – EU 25!  2007 – two additional countries join-in – EU 27!  2007 – Lisbon treaty – enhances democratic principles and regroup all treaties – a ‘failed’ constitutional treaty.  2008 – economic crisis!

23. Historical Overview of European Integration 1945-59 – A peaceful Europe – Starting cooperation 1960-69 – Economic growth 1970-79 – A growing community – first enlargement 1980-89 – The changing Europe/Fall of Berlin Wall 1990-99 – Europe without frontiers 2000-09 – Further expansion 2010 – today – A decade of challenges

24. Historical Overview of European Integration 2010 – today – A decade of challenges  2011 – EU adopts Euro Plus Pact / economic coordination / ability to lend up to 500 billion (Greece 65 billion)  2013 – Croatia joins-in – EU 28  2014 – New president Jean Claude Junker and all commissioners are former elected officials of E members – first time ever!  2014 – New commission proposes a 315 billions growth plan to create 1.3 million jobs

25. Population in millions, 2014 EU population compared with World

26. 2013 GDP per inhabitant Index where the average of the 28 EU countries is 100 GDP per inhabitant in EU

27. 2015 EU budget: €145.3 billion = 1.02 % of gross national income Global Europe: including development aid 6 % Other, administration 6 % Smart and inclusive growth: jobs, competitiveness, regional development 46 % Security and citizenship, justice 2 % Sustainable growth – natural resources: agriculture, environment 40 % EU BUDGET 2015

28. Solidarity in practice: the EU cohesion policy Regional fund Social fund Cohesion fund Less-developed regions: GDP per capita under 75% of the EU average Transition regions: GDP per capita between 75% and 90% of the EU average More-developed regions: GDP per capita over 90% of the EU average 2014-2020: €352 billion invested in infrastructure, business, environment and training of workers for the benefit of poorer regions and citizens

29. Spending on research and development in 2012 (% of GDP) EU investment in Research

30. Federalism or Empire? Past EU president Barroso talks about what the EU is; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-I8M1T-GgRU&feature=channel