1. Recent Trends in Managing Nuisance Ant Pests:
Go Green!

2. “Green” Pest Management
Defined by the Georgia Structural Pest
Control Commission
“A service that employs an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach while utilizing fewer of the earth’s resources as part of a larger effort to reduce human impacts on the environment.”

3. “Green” Pest Control Products
“Green” products are largely defined by those containing plant essential oils (peppermint, spearmint, cedar, etc.).

4. Characteristics of Plant Essential Oils
Contact Toxicity: Low to Moderate in comparison to traditional actives.
Topical Toxicity: Low to Moderate in comparison to traditional actives.
Repellency/Deterrency: High in comparison to traditional actives.

5. So, why are products based on a set of actives that show little contact toxicity, are highly repellent, and ephemeral (volatile), so popular among homeowners (and profitable to pest control operators)?

6. Placebo
A Placebo is a pharmacologically inactive substance (or procedure) that can have a therapeutic effect if administered to a patient who believes that he or she is receiving an effective treatment.
A PE is not something that occurs “naturally”. It must be manufactured in the sense that it occurs only in the presence of intent (or the perception of intent).

7. The Placebo Effect Ultrasonic Devices Do Not Repel or Kill Pests But What does the Public Believe?

8. Snake Oil Science: The Truth About Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
R. Barker Bausell, Ph.D. Biostatistician, Univ. of Maryland; Director of NIH National Center for CAM
A cold, scientific evaluation of CAM therapies via double-blinded methodology.

9. (other than the fact that it’s profitable)
So, Why Are Companies
Going Green?
(other than the fact that it’s profitable)

10. Pest Management Companies are Moving to Green Services Because…
In California, pesticides in water have led to restrictions on product use around homes.
The “climate” of bee protection, including (a) CCD and the role that pesticides might play, and (b) the Oregon Bee Kills, has led to EPA restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids (soon these restrictions will be for all spray products, says EPA).
Fewer basic manufacturers developing fewer active ingredients (cost prohibitive).

11. Pyrethroid Insecticides Found in Water
January 2013 EPA Mandate Impacts Homeowner and Professional Use of Pyrethroid Insecticides Outside
Pyrethroid Insecticides Found in Water

12. Pest Management Companies are Moving to Green Services Because…
In California, pesticides in water have led to restrictions on product use around homes.
The “climate” of bee protection, including (a) CCD and the role that pesticides might play, and (b) the Oregon Bee Kills, has led to EPA restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids (soon these restrictions will be for all spray products, says EPA).
Fewer basic manufacturers developing fewer active ingredients (cost prohibitive).

13. Pollinator Week in the U.S.
Dinotefuran
Two incidents involving dinotefuran, the active ingredient in Valent/Safari (June 2013).
Both incidents involved the death of a large number of bumble bees (up to 59,000) foraging on flowering linden trees.
The two incidents involved different timing and application methods (foliar drench, and basal bark application).

14. Pest Management Companies are Moving to Green Services Because…
In California, pesticides in water have led to restrictions on product use around homes.
The “climate” of bee protection, including (a) CCD and the role that pesticides might play, and (b) the Oregon Bee Kills, has led to EPA restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids (soon these restrictions will be for all spray products, says EPA).
Fewer basic manufacturers developing fewer active ingredients (cost prohibitive).

15. Chemical Industry Consolidation Many Fewer Companies to Support the Pest Control Industry Today Compared to Years Past
1990
1990
1995
2000
1995
2000
2006
2015 Big Players:
1. Syngenta?
2. Bayer
3. BASF

16. Patent Expires-Generics Compete
Theoretical Cash Flow of Product Lifecycle Using Imidacloprid as an Example
Break Even after 16 Years
(Income = Expenses)
$90m;
Decision: Go Spend
150M over
6-7 years?
Global Launch After
11 years & $240m
$195m;
MSDS Data
$35m
Patent Expires-Generics Compete
Pesticide Development is Really Expensive!

17. Fewer basic manufacturers are developing fewer traditional active ingredients. Why?
Development costs for essential oils are usually significantly lower (no registration data required because these actives are exempt from EPA registration requirements).
While the need for products in structural pest control markets are high, the markets are not large relative to major crop markets.
For insecticides, structural products are usually “add-on” markets to agricultural uses for a new active ingredient (e.g., fipronil in 2000 for termites).

18. Manufacturers are reformulating the same active ingredients (many are now generic) to come out with new products.
Combining Active Ingredients
Transport (FMC)
Temprid (Bayer)
Tandem (Syngenta)
Fuse (CSI)
New formulations
Termidor HE and Dry (BASF)
Suspend Polyzone (Bayer)
EndZone (FMC)
J. Spagnoli Consulting

19. What Explains Growth in “Green” Products
(A) The high costs associated with development of an active ingredient AND (B) the growth in “green” programs by PMPs
Both have led to an explosion of “green” pest control products (chicken or egg)
A market based on “green” offerings has been created among residential customers for use of products they believe are “soft” yet still as effective as traditional “poisons”.
rosemary, spearmint, etc.
pyrethrins are now considered green!
spinosad

20. Speaking of Things that Don’t Work
Speaking of Things that Don’t Work! Testing Some Outrageous Ant Control Claims
“All-natural CURES” for residential ant problems
Including the use of tansy leaves, cucumber peel, and a soybean tea
J. B. Holloway

21. Testing Home Remedies Treatments consisted of: Tansy leaves
Dried and fresh
Cucumber peels
Rosemary leaves
Spearmint leaves
Soybean tea
Two controls:
1.0% Peppermint Oil solution (positive control)
Water (negative control
J. B. Holloway

22. Number (mean ± S.E.) of live ants inside dish at hour
Results
Number (mean ± S.E.) of live ants inside dish at hour
Trial 1
Trial 2
Treatment
2 hours
4 hours .
Dry Cucumber
Fresh Cucumber
Dry Tansy
Fresh Tansy
Soybean Tea
Fresh Spearmint
Fresh Rosemary
Water Only Control
1% Peppermint Oil
19.4 ± 1.3 A
17.6 ± 1.2 A
18.9 ± 1.3 A
18.4 ± 1.2 A
19.3 ± 1.3 A -
0.28 ± 0.2 B
19.8 ± 1.3 A
18.5 ± 1.2 A
18.7 ± 1.2 A
19.6 ± 1.3 A
19.2 ± 1.3 A
19.1 ± 1.3 A
0.92 ± 0.3 B
13.6 ± 2.5 A,B
14.8 ± 2.7 A,B
16.8 ± 3.1 A
9.33 ± 1.8 B
3.42 ± 0.8 C
18.3 ± 3.3 A
0.08 ± 0.09 D
18.5 ± 2.2 A
14.8 ± 1.9 A,B
19.2 ± 2.3 A
10.7 ± 1.4 B
5.17 ± 0.8 C
19.1 ± 2.3 A
0.50 ± 0.2 D
F = 8.73
df = 7, 88
P <
F = 14.56
F = 10.98
df = 6, 77
F = 20.64
No Trt
Repelled
Ants!
Fresh Rosemary
and Spearmint
Repelled Ants!
10X 4X
Following mixed model, 1-way ANOVA (PROC GLIMMIX), differences between least square means, for each combination of Trial and Hour, were determined using pairwise t-tests; means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different.
J. B. Holloway

23. Results NoT repellenT RepellenT DETERRENT 1% Peppermint Oil Solution
Fresh Rosemary leaves
Tansy leaves
Cucumber peel
Soybean tea
DETERRENT
Fresh Spearmint leaves
…did repel ants
Fresh rosemary
leaves…
J. B. Holloway

25. Insecticide Mode of Action

26. bulletin at gabugs.uga.edu
Download PDF of
bulletin at gabugs.uga.edu
2) caes.uga.edu/publications
(bulletin #1352)

27. One Source for Technical Information
Phone
Web npic.orst.edu

28. Insecticides That Target the Insect Nervous System

29. The Insect Nervous System
How Nerve Cells Function

30. Insecticides That Target the Insect Nervous System Chemical Class: Pyrethrins & Pyrethroids
Active Ingredients: Pyrethrins, Bifenthrin, Cyfluthrin, Beta-Cyfluthrin, Deltamethrin, Permethrin, Lambda-Cyhalothrin, and Cypermethrin.
Mode of Action: Delays the rate at which sodium channels open and close (Sodium Channel Modulation)
Target Site: Axon of Nerve
Primary Use/Route of Entry: Contact Only

31. Pyrethroids delay the rate at which sodium channels open and close

32. Insecticides That Target the Insect Nervous System Chemical Class: Oxadiazines
Active Ingredient: Indoxacarb (must be activated)
Mode of Action: Opposite of pyrethroids; the active metabolite keeps sodium channels permanently closed, thus blocking the flow of sodium ions into the nerve cell (Sodium Channel Blockage)
Target Site: Axon of Nerve
Primary Use/Route of Entry: Oral Only

33. Opposite of pyrethroids; active metabolite permanently closes sodium channels, blocking the flow of sodium ions into the nerve cell

34. Insecticides That Target the Insect Nervous System Chemical Class: Organophosphates & Carbamates
Active Ingredients: Chlorpyrifos, Dichlorvos (DDVP), Malathion, Diazinon, Acephate, Propetamphos, Carbaryl, Bendiocarb, Propoxur
Mode of Action: Inhibits (by binding to) acetylcholinesterase, thus keeping it from removing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from its receptor on the post-synapse nerve (Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition).
Target Site: Nerve Synapse
Primary Use/Route of Entry: Contact Only

35. Inhibit (by binding to) acetylcholinesterase, thus keeping it from removing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from its receptor on the post-synapse nerve.

36. Insecticides That Target the Insect Nervous System Chemical Class: Neonicotinoids
Active Ingredients: Imidacloprid, Dinotefuran, Thiamethoxam, Clothianidin, Acetamiprid
Mode of Action: Binds to the acetylcholine receptor, and over-stimulates the nerve (Acetylcholine Receptor Stimulation)
Target Site: Nerve Post-Synapse
Primary Use/Route of Entry: Contact & Oral

37. Binds to the acetylcholine receptor, and over-stimulates the nerve.

38. Insecticides That Target the Insect Nervous System Chemical Class: Phenylpyrazoles
Active Ingredient: Fipronil
Mode of Action: Binds to and blocks the GABA receptor on post-synapse nerve, thus keeping the GABA neurotransmitter from binding to the receptor site, and thereby preventing the influx of chloride ions into the cell (GABA Receptor Blockage)
Target Site: Nerve Post-Synapse
Primary Use/Route of Entry: Contact & Oral

39. Binds to and blocks the GABA receptor on post-synapse nerve, thus keeping the GABA neurotransmitter from binding to the receptor site, and thereby preventing the influx of chloride ions into the cell

40. Insecticides That DO NOT Target the Insect Nervous System

41. Insecticides That DO NOT Target the Insect Nervous System Chemical Class: Diamides
Active Ingredient: Chlorantraniliprole (Altriset)
Mode of Action: Binds to and stimulates calcium channels, resulting in uncontrollable muscle contractions (Muscle Stimulation)
Target Site: Muscular Calcium Channel
Primary Use/Route of Entry: Oral

42. Binds to and stimulates calcium channels, resulting in uncontrollable muscle contractions

43. Insecticides That DO NOT Target the Insect Nervous System Chemical Class: Juvenile Hormone Analogs
Active Ingredient: Hydroprene, Methoprene, Pyriproxyfen, Fenoxycarb
Mode of Action: Mimic Juvenile Hormone Action
Target Site: JH Degradative Enzymes / Receptors
Primary Use/Route of Entry: Contact & Oral

45. Insecticides That DO NOT Target the Insect Nervous System Chemical Class: Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors
Active Ingredient: Noviflumuron, Hexaflumuron, Diflubenzuron, Lufenuron
Mode of Action: Block Chitin Formation
Target Site: Exoskeleton of Insect
Primary Use/Route of Entry: Oral

46. Subterranean Termite Baits
Sentricon
0.50% noviflumuron
Hex-Pro
0.50% hexaflumuron

47. Insecticides That DO NOT Target the Insect Nervous System Chemical Class: Pyrroles
Active Ingredient: Chlorfenapyr (must be activated)
Mode of Action: Active metabolite is a mitochondrial disruptor, and prevents ATP (energy) production in cells (Inhibit Energy Production)
Target Site: Mitochondria Within Cells
Primary Use/Route of Entry: Contact

48. Insecticides That DO NOT Target the Insect Nervous System Chemical Class: Borates
Active Ingredient: Borax, Boric Acid, Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate
Mode of Action: Non-Specific Metabolic Disruption; general cellular toxin.
Target Site: Cells
Primary Use/Route of Entry: Oral toxicants ONLY

49. Insecticides That DO NOT Target the Insect Nervous System Chemical Class: Dehydrating Dusts
Active Ingredient: Silica gels, Diatomaceous Earth
Mode of Action: Dries the insect out by sucking up the protective wax layer (Adsorption of Cuticular Wax Layer)
Target Site: Exoskeleton
Primary Use/Route of Entry: Contact