1. Chapter 19 Waste 19.1 solid Waste 19.2 Reducing Solid Waste
19.3 Hazardous Waste p

2. Key Terms Solid waste Biodegradable Municipal solid waste Landfill
Leachate
Source reduction
Recycling
Compost
Hazardous waste
Deep- well injection
Surface impoundment

3. 19.1 Solid Waste Objectives
Name one characteristic that makes a material biodegradable
Id 2 types of solid waste
Describe how a modern landfill works
Name 2 Environmental problems caused by landfills

4. The Generation of Waste
The US generates more than 10 billion metric tons of solid waste (any solid material that is thrown away)
More than doubled since the 1960’s
Space and waste-
Most towns are running out of space
1987- barge with 3,200 tons of garbage left Islip NY looking for a place to put waste
Sailed Gulf of Mexico for 5months looking for place, finally burned in NY and 430 tons of ask sent back to be buried

5. The Generation of Waste
Population and Waste
As human pop and amount of waste grows larger the amount of land available per person becomes smaller
Getting harder to dispose of the waste we create
Average person 4.4lbs per day

6. Not All Waste Are Equal Biodegradable
Can be broken down by biological processes
Plant and animal matter, newspaper, cotton, leather
Non biodegradable- synthetic
Chemicals to form compounds not naturally created
Polyester, nylon and plastic

7. Plastic Problems
Made from petroleum or natural gas (carbon and hydrogen)- man made not naturally found
May last for 100s of years

8. Types of Solid Waste 1. Municipal Solid Waste-
Most of what we toss out
About 2% of total solid waste- more than 210 million metric tons each year
Growing much faster than the amount of mining or agricultural waste

9. Types of Solid Waste
2. Solid Waste from Manufacturing, Mining and Agriculture
Manufacturing and mining waste make up 70%
56% of solid waste from manufacturing (scrap metal, plastics, paper, sludge and ash)
You purchase products that have been manufactured
9% is Agricultural waste (crops and manure) if contains fertilizers and pesticides difficult to dispose of

10. Solid Waste Management
1970 only recycled 6.6%, %, %
Landfills-
Permanent waste-disposal facility where waste are put into the ground and covered each day with a layer of soil, plastic or both
More than 50% of municipal and manufacturing solid waste created in the us end up in landfills
Contain the waste that is buried inside it

11. Where Waste in the US Goes
Waste-disposal method
Percentage of waste by weight
Store in landfills 57
Recycled 28
Incinerated 15

12. Problems with Landfills
Leachate- liquid that has passed thought compacted solid waste in a landfill, contains dissolved chemicals from decomposing garbage. (paints, pesticides, cleansers, cans, batteries and appliances)
Most landfills have monitoring wells and storage tanks to measure and store leachate
Can be treated as waste water
Problems:
If not monitored- can seep into groundwater, making nearby wells unsafe to drink
Methane- highly flammable gas, if not pumped out or is not monitored it can seep through the ground and into the basement of homes up to 300m from a landfill, can cause explosions.

14. Safeguarding Landfills
Resource conservation and Recovery Act- passed 1976, updated in 1984, states that new landfills be built with safeguards to reduce pollution problems
Must be lined with clay and plastic liner
Must have system to collect and treating leachate
Vent pipes carry methane out, collect or burn for energy
New laws and regulations cause:
Increases cost of building
Finding places to build
Close to city but far from residents
Cost of transporting trash to sites

15. Safeguarding Landfills
Building more Landfills-
Running out of space
Materials are not decomposing fast enough
Active landfills in ,000- by 1990 they will filled
EPA estimates in 20 state that would be filled to capacity by 2014

16. Safeguarding Landfills
Incinerators- reduce weight by 75%
One option to reduce solid waste
operational incinerators that burned up to 94,000 metric tons of municipal solid waste per day
Problems:
items are not separated before burning  air pollution, toxic gasses
Ash goes in landfill- can be more toxic

18. 19.2 Reducing Solid Waste Identify 3 ways you can produce less waste
Describe how you can use our consumer buying power to reduce solid waste
List the steps that an item must go through to be recycled
List 2 benefits of composting
Name one advantage and one disadvantage to producing degradable plastics

19. 19.2 Reducing Solid Waste- Common Sense??
Source Reduction- reduce solid waste before it gets to the landfills or incinerators
Buying less- buy products that have less packaging
Buy products that last longer
Recyclable products
Your buying habits influence the manufacture  they will change their habits to fit yours

20. Recycling Finding the best use of all the materials we throw away
Saves energy , water and other resources
95% less energy is needed to produce aluminum from recycled aluminum
Steps:
Collected and sorted
Cleaned and made ready to be used again
Used to manufacture new products
New products sold to consumer
Increase demand  increase supply

21. Composting
Yard waste makes up more than 1.5% of a community’s solid waste
Biodegradable
Use bacteria to break down
Compost- dark brown, crumbly material made from decomposed plant and animal matter that is spread on gardens/fields for nutrients

22. Composting- benefits Keeps organic waste out of landfills
Provides nutrients to the soil
Increases beneficial soil organisms, worms and centipedes
Suppress some plant diseases
Reduces the need for fertilizers and pesticides
Protects soil from erosion

23. Changing the Materials We Use
Change material eliminate waste
Drink boxes difficult to recycle
Buy items that can be recycled or made from recycled products
Paper or Plastic please?
Think before you just toss in the trash!

24. Degradable Plastic- ?? Most are not biodegradable
Photodegradable plastic- left in the sun for several weeks it becomes weak and brittle and will break into pieces.
Green plastic- made by blending sugars in plants with a special chemical agent, made from living things and are considered to be more eco friendly
requires 20-50% less fossil fuels
Degrade within 45dyas of being thrown away (bacteria eats sugar)

25. Degradable Plastic- ?? Problems:
Plastic parts are only reduced to smaller pieces- will never disappear completely
Current issues- needs more research but can be linked to some health issues (?)

26. 19.3 Hazardous Waste Name 2 characteristics of hazardous waste
Describe one law that governs hazardous waste
Describe 2 ways in which hazardous waste is disposed.

27. 19.3 Types of Hazardous Waste
Any waste that is a risk to health of humans or other living things
Can be solid, liquids or gases
Toxic, corrosive, explosive materials
Love Canal, Niagra Falls NY, homes built on land that was used as a dump site for toxic waste

28. Types of Hazardous Waste
Dyes, cleansers and solvents
PCBs from old electrical equipment
Plastics, solvents, lubricants and sealants
Toxic heavy metals, lead, mercury, cadmium and zinc
Pesticides
Radioactive waste

29. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Passed in 1976 and amended in 1984
Regulate solid and hazardous waste disposal and protect humans and the environment from waste contamination
Must keep logs of how waste is disposed and how much
Special regulations and laws to facilities being built

30. Superfund Act Expensive to properly dispose of waste
1980- Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
Forces the owners to pay for cleanup
Funds to clean up abandoned sites
Love Canal- $275 million

31. Hazardous Waste Management
US produces 252 million metric tons of HW and is growing each year (2004)
Prevention:
Produce less of it
Reuse it
Convert into nonhazardous substances

32. HW- management Land Disposal
Most is disposed on land
Deep-well injection- wastes are pumped deep into the ground were they are absorbed into dry layer of rock below the level of ground water, waste is covered with cement to prevent contamination of ground water
Surface impoundment- pond with a sealed bottom, solids collected and buried in landfills
* Must be monitored for safe over years (air, soil and groundwater)

34. HW- management Biologically Treating
Certain bacteria can be used to clean up area that has been contaminated with hazardous substances (crude oil, PCB, cyanide)
Flowering plants and trees
Other chemicals

35. HW management Incinerating HW Burning
Many problems- most expensive, pollution controls, ash must be buried
Exporting HW
Used to send them to other states
International trade agreements

36. HW at Home
Motor oil, paints, batteries, computers, phones, pesticides, fertilizers, cleaners, antifreeze
Public collection dates
Trained workers sort materials and recycle items
Oil- 185 gallons of used motor oil a year, this does not include car oil changing places