2. The Road to War Germany takes over Europe and Japan’s expansion in Asia

3. The Versailles Treaty

4. Hitler ’ s aims Abolish the Treaty of Versailles ‘The Versailles Treaty is worthless. 60 million German hearts and minds are on fire with anger and shame. They will cry out we want war!’ Destroy Communism ‘The menace of Russia hangs over Germany. All our strength is needed to rescue our nation from this international snake’’ Lebensraum ‘It will be the duty of German foreign policy to get large spaces to feed and house the growing population of her. Re-build Germany’s armed forces Create a ‘Greater Germany’ Anschluss with Austria. Hitler believed that they belonged together’

5. Germany Invades the Rhineland March 7, 1936

6.  Carlists [ultra-Catholic monarchists].  Catholic Church.  Falange [fascist] Party.  Monarchists.  Anarcho-Syndicalists.  Basques.  Catalans.  Communists.  Marxists.  Republicans.  Socialists. The National Front [Nationalists] The National Front [Nationalists] The Popular Front [Republicans] The Popular Front [Republicans] The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939

8. The Spanish Civil War: A Dress Rehearsal for WW II? Italian troops in Madrid

9. “ Guernica” by Pablo Picasso

10. The Spanish Civil War

11. The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939 Francisco Franco

12. Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936 The “Pact of Steel”

13. The Austrian Anschluss, 1938

14. The “Problem” of the Sudetenland

15. Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain

16. Germany takes Czechoslovakia: March, 1939 Hitler breaks the Munich Agreement

17. The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotov

18. Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]

20. German Troops March into Warsaw

21. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, 1940 The Tripartite Pact

22. Early German Success 1939-1940 Early German Success 1939-1940

23. Dunkirk Evacuated June 4, 1940

24. France Surrenders June 14, 1940

25. A Divided France Henri Petain

26. The French Resistance The Free French General Charles DeGaulle The Maquis

27. Battle of Britain Now Britain Is All Alone!

28. The Blitz!

29. The London “Tube”: Air Raid Shelters during the Blitz

30. The Royal Air Force

32. Operation Barbarossa: Hitler’s Biggest Mistake

33. Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 y 3,000,000 German soldiers. y 3,400 tanks.

34. The Rise of Japanese Aggression in Asia 1931-1941

35.  Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the United States.  Goals  naval disarmament and the political situation in the Far East. Washington Disarmament Conference (1921-1922)

36.  A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio: US Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67  Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would stop fortifying their Far East territories [including the Philippines].  Loophole  no restrictions on small warships Five Power Treaty (1922)

37.  League of Nations condemned the action.  Japan leaves the League.  Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East. Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

38. A Weak League of Nations

39. The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations  No control of major conflicts.  No progress in disarmament.  No effective military force.

40. The Japanese Invasion of China, 1937

41.  Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & three Oil tankers on the Yangtze River.  Japan was testing US resolve!  Japan apologized, paid the US for the loses, and promised no further attacks.  Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.  Results  Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for further aggression against US interests. Panay Incident (1937)

42. American Foreign Policy before WWII

43. Nye Committee Hearings (1934-1936)  The Nye Committee I investigated the charge that WW I was needless and the US entered so munitions owners could make big profits [“merchants of death.”]  The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make money.  Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing in to warring nations’ waters.  Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts. Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]

44. Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937  When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:  Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.  Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.  Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I].  Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and- carry” basis  pay when goods are picked up.  Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.  This limited the options of the President in a crisis.  America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!

45. US Neutrality

46. “America First” Committee Charles Lindbergh

47. 1939 Neutrality Act  In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.  FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way:  The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis.  FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter.  Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:  Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.  The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession.  America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

48. Destroyers for Bases  50 U.S. Destroyers to Great Britain  the U.S. was granted British possessions for the creation of naval or air bases.

49.  Response to Japanese Expansion in the Far East.  “Moral Embargo  halted the shipment of material such as airplanes, parts, machine tools, and aviation gasoline.  The Act was expanded in September of 1940 to include iron and steel scrap  An Act of War? Export Control Act (1940)

50. “Lend-Lease” Act (1941) Great Britain.........................$31 billion Soviet Union...........................$11 billion France......................................$ 3 billion China.......................................$1.5 billion Other European.................$500 million South America...................$400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

51. Atlantic Charter  Roosevelt and Churchill sign treaty of friendship in August 1941.  Solidifies alliance.  Fashioned after Wilson’s 14 Points.  Calls for League of Nations type organization.

53. Pearl Harbor

54. Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot

55. Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941 A date which will live in infamy!

56. USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor

57. President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War

58. Pearl Harbor Memorial