1. Absolutism in Europe

2. What is Absolutism? Sovereign authority (powers) of state in hands of king who ruled by divine right Sovereign authority (powers) of state in hands of king who ruled by divine right Sovereign authority came from GodSovereign authority came from God Make laws Make laws Taxing Taxing Administer justice Administer justice Determine foreign policy Determine foreign policy Control state bureaucracy Control state bureaucracy Divine right = ruler’s power derived from GodDivine right = ruler’s power derived from God

3. Absolutism in France Chief theorist = Bishop Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704) Chief theorist = Bishop Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704) Gov’t came from God so humans could live in organized society Monarchy was most natural form of gov’t b/c God est. kings to rule all people

4. Absolutism in France King received their power from God, so their authority was absolute (total) King received their power from God, so their authority was absolute (total) Not answerable to parliament Not answerable to people Only answerable to GOD But a king’s power was not absolute (law of God) But a king’s power was not absolute (law of God)

5. Absolutism in Russia Mongolian “Golden Horde” controlled Russia, 1240- 1502 Mongolian “Golden Horde” controlled Russia, 1240- 1502 Decentralized governanceDecentralized governance Native Russians ruled in name of Khan Native Russians ruled in name of Khan Collected taxes, tribute for Mongols Collected taxes, tribute for Mongols Rule isolated RussiaRule isolated Russia Princes of Muscovy became most powerful Russian princes Princes of Muscovy became most powerful Russian princes Rulers challenged by boyars (landed nobility) Rulers challenged by boyars (landed nobility) The Golden Horde, c. 1400 Serai - Capitol

6. Absolutism in Russia Enserfment of peasants, 1450s-1906 Enserfment of peasants, 1450s-1906 Free peasants lived, worked on land, moving when land exhaustedFree peasants lived, worked on land, moving when land exhausted Monasteries restricted movement rights (taxes)Monasteries restricted movement rights (taxes) Rule extended to all peasants, 1497Rule extended to all peasants, 1497 “Forbidden years”: peasants prohibited from leaving lands for year; renewed until 1906“Forbidden years”: peasants prohibited from leaving lands for year; renewed until 1906

7. Absolutism in Ottoman Empire Absolute authority of Ottoman sultan expressed through royal titles Absolute authority of Ottoman sultan expressed through royal titles “Shadow of God” “Deputy of God” Sultans had absolute authority to guarantee justice, fairness, & equity Sultans had absolute authority to guarantee justice, fairness, & equity Sultan also had responsibility to protect poor, helpless from corrupt gov’t Sultan also had responsibility to protect poor, helpless from corrupt gov’t

8. Activity Read the following handout and answer the following questions. Read the following handout and answer the following questions. Proceed to complete the graphic organizer. Proceed to complete the graphic organizer. Review with peer. Review with peer. Due EOC. Due EOC.

9. France’s Monarchy Standard of the Royal Family, the Bourbons

10. Background Henry IV died, 1610 Henry IV died, 1610 First king of Bourbon DynastyFirst king of Bourbon Dynasty Son, Louis, becomes king as Louis XIIISon, Louis, becomes king as Louis XIII Regent = Cardinal Richelieu Regent = Cardinal Richelieu Moved to increase power of BourbonsMoved to increase power of Bourbons Cardinal Richelieu

11. Increasing Power of the French Throne Huguenots Huguenots Had est. their own cities, allied with Protestant nobles Rebelled against Louis XIII (est. state within state) Richelieu & town walls Nobility Nobility Destroyed castles of nobles not approved by king Increased taxes Hapsburgs (Spain & Austria) Hapsburgs (Spain & Austria) Involved France in Thirty Years War

12. Louis XIV Louis XIII died in 1643 – succeeded by son, Louis XIV (5 yrs) Louis XIII died in 1643 – succeeded by son, Louis XIV (5 yrs) Mom = regentMom = regent Cardinal Mazarin succeeds as Chief Advisor (gambler story) Cardinal Mazarin succeeds as Chief Advisor (gambler story) Louis took power when Mazarin died, in 1661 Louis took power when Mazarin died, in 1661 Called self “The Sun King” Called self “The Sun King” Moved to gain total power for himself Moved to gain total power for himself

13. Louis XIV: Limiting Power of Others Nobles Nobles Louis excluded nobles from his councils Louix increased powers of bureaucracy (intendants) Palace of Versailles as symbol of his power (nobles required to move)Versailles Jean Baptiste Colbert Jean Baptiste Colbert Minister of Finance Mercantilist (colonies, French self sufficiency) Jean Baptiste Colbert Palace of Versailles

14. Video https://www.youtu be.com/watch?v=X xIzMr2Ekpo https://www.youtu be.com/watch?v=X xIzMr2Ekpo Observe the ostentatious display of wealth. Observe the ostentatious display of wealth.

15. Mercantilism Economic policy that viewed prosperity as a zero sum game Economic policy that viewed prosperity as a zero sum game Measured in gold / silver that a country hadMeasured in gold / silver that a country had Best way to accumulate wealth = positive balance of trade (exports – imports)Best way to accumulate wealth = positive balance of trade (exports – imports) Government should be protectionist (tariffs & colonies) Government should be protectionist (tariffs & colonies)

16. Louis XIV: The War Years Overriding concern was to bring glory to France, himself Overriding concern was to bring glory to France, himself “I AM the state”“I AM the state” Sought to protect NE border of France against Hapsburgs, ProtestantsSought to protect NE border of France against Hapsburgs, Protestants Successful wars Successful wars Fought two wars, against Spanish Netherlands and Dutch Netherlands to straighten borderFought two wars, against Spanish Netherlands and Dutch Netherlands to straighten border

17. Louis XIV: The War Years 1689 – League of Augsburg 1689 – League of Augsburg Alliance vs. France concerned w/ Louis XIV’s rise to powerAlliance vs. France concerned w/ Louis XIV’s rise to power Fear of Louis XIV; tried to maintain balance of powerFear of Louis XIV; tried to maintain balance of power Main players Main players Britain, Holland, Sweden Austria & SpainBritain, Holland, Sweden Austria & Spain France weakened by bad harvest, many wars France weakened by bad harvest, many wars (From L: James II, William III, Louis XIV, Leopold I)

18. Louis XIV: The War Years 1701 - Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip, became King of Spain 1701 - Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip, became King of Spain Phil could have unified Spain, France under one crownPhil could have unified Spain, France under one crown Rest of Europe panickedRest of Europe panicked War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) French, Spanish vs. England, Austria, Dutch, PortugalFrench, Spanish vs. England, Austria, Dutch, Portugal Treaty of Utrecht: ended war, Phil kept throne, but no unifying France, SpainTreaty of Utrecht: ended war, Phil kept throne, but no unifying France, Spain Big winner = Britain (got French colonies, trade) Big winner = Britain (got French colonies, trade) Philip V, King of Spain And grandson of Louis XIV

19. Activity Read the following handout and answer the following questions. Read the following handout and answer the following questions. Proceed to complete the graphic organizer. Proceed to complete the graphic organizer. Review with peer. Review with peer. Due EOC. Due EOC.

20. Warm Up Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= thyFSZ6a7gg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= thyFSZ6a7gg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= thyFSZ6a7gg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= thyFSZ6a7gg What do you notice What do you notice What is art focused on during the age of Absolutism? What is art focused on during the age of Absolutism? What is the significance of St. Basil’s Cathedral and who built it? What is the significance of St. Basil’s Cathedral and who built it?

21. Czars of Russia Coat of Arms of Romanovs

22. Ivan “the Terrible” Background Background Came to power in 1533, at age 3Came to power in 1533, at age 3 Mom was regentMom was regent Had problems with Boyars (nobles became regents at age 8)Had problems with Boyars (nobles became regents at age 8) Seized power at age 16 and called self Czar, which means “Caesar” (reference?)Seized power at age 16 and called self Czar, which means “Caesar” (reference?) Married Anastasia RomanovMarried Anastasia Romanov Boyar, boyarina Ivan IV, The Terrible

23. Ivan “the Terrible”: The Good Years Won victories against the Mongols Defeated other Russian states Added land to Muscovy Restricted movement of peasants (becoming serfs)

24. Ivan “the Terrible”: The Bad Period Bad Period (1560-1584) Bad Period (1560-1584) Anastasia died under mysterious circumstancesAnastasia died under mysterious circumstances Mercury poisoning! Mercury poisoning! Ivan resigned as CzarIvan resigned as Czar Some boyars had betrayed Ivan in a war Some boyars had betrayed Ivan in a war Boyars, church, knew Muscovy would collapse without Ivan Boyars, church, knew Muscovy would collapse without Ivan Begged him to return Begged him to return Ivan agreed to return, with some conditions…Ivan agreed to return, with some conditions… Death of Anastasia

25. Ivan the Great: The Bad Period Formed Oprichnina Formed Oprichnina “Separate land” Best parts of Muscovy were put under Ivan’s direct control Created oprichniki Created oprichniki Ivan’s secret police Tortured, murdered enemies of Ivan (esp. boyars) Seized lands and gave to loyal boyars Seized lands and gave to loyal boyars 1581 – killed own son, Ivan, in an argument 1581 – killed own son, Ivan, in an argument Modern interpretation of symbol of Oprichniki

26. Time of Troubles (1584-1613) Ivan died, 1584; weak successor died in 1598 without heir Ivan died, 1584; weak successor died in 1598 without heir No strong leader among boyars = civil war No strong leader among boyars = civil war Rise of “false Dmitris” (claimed to be son of Ivan)Rise of “false Dmitris” (claimed to be son of Ivan) 1613 – election of Romanov as Czar 1613 – election of Romanov as Czar Election of Michael Romanov

27. Activity Compare and Contrast Graphic Organizer. Compare and Contrast Graphic Organizer. Russian Absolutism Graphic Organizer Russian Absolutism Graphic Organizer All due EOC. All due EOC.

28. Let’s jump forward 80 years or so……. Bear with me.

29. Peter the Great (1672-1725) Became co-tsar in 1682, with brother, Ivan Became co-tsar in 1682, with brother, Ivan Regent = aunt SophiaRegent = aunt Sophia 1689: wrestled control from Sophia, but Peter’s mom stepped in as Regent1689: wrestled control from Sophia, but Peter’s mom stepped in as Regent 1694: Mom died1694: Mom died 1696: sole Tsar w/ death of Ivan1696: sole Tsar w/ death of Ivan Young Peter in full regalia

30. Russia vs. Europe, in 1700 Serfs & boyars Serfs & boyars Serfs = peasants tied to landSerfs = peasants tied to land What was happening in Europe? Rise of middle class!What was happening in Europe? Rise of middle class! Religion isolated Russia Religion isolated Russia Russian OrthodoxRussian Orthodox Focused on Moscow, not RomeFocused on Moscow, not Rome

31. Russia vs. Europe, in 1700 Mongol rule through Golden Horde isolated Russia from Renaissance, Age of Exploration Mongol rule through Golden Horde isolated Russia from Renaissance, Age of Exploration Geography of Russia isolated it from rest of world Geography of Russia isolated it from rest of world Sheer size of countrySheer size of country Lack of warm water ports = wars vs. Swedes and OttomansLack of warm water ports = wars vs. Swedes and Ottomans

32. Peter the Great “The Great Embassy” (1697-98) “The Great Embassy” (1697-98) Peter visited the West to build alliance vs. TurksPeter visited the West to build alliance vs. Turks Also to learn Western customsAlso to learn Western customs Learned techniques of building / manufacturingLearned techniques of building / manufacturing Tried to keep identity secret, but…Tried to keep identity secret, but… Goal was to westernize Russia (eventual military, commercial competition w/ West)Goal was to westernize Russia (eventual military, commercial competition w/ West) Statue of Peter working as Shipwright in Holland

33. Peter the Great Peter as Absolute Monarch Peter as Absolute Monarch Eastern Orthodox Church brought under state controlEastern Orthodox Church brought under state control Imposed high taxes on peasants to pay for westernizationImposed high taxes on peasants to pay for westernization Increased size of army and trained it in modern European styleIncreased size of army and trained it in modern European style Reduced power of boyars (sound familiar?)Reduced power of boyars (sound familiar?)

34. Peter the Great Westernization of Russia Westernization of Russia Introduced potatoIntroduced potato Established “Table of Ranks”Established “Table of Ranks” Bureaucracy based on merit, not birth Bureaucracy based on merit, not birth Lessened boyars’ authority, control Lessened boyars’ authority, control Introduced western fashionIntroduced western fashion Established “beard tax” Established “beard tax” Ordered boyars to dress in western fashion Ordered boyars to dress in western fashion Peter cutting off boyar’s beard

35. Peter the Great Built new capital Built new capital Old capital, Moscow, was landlockedOld capital, Moscow, was landlocked Peter wanted “Window to the West”, a port city, as capitalPeter wanted “Window to the West”, a port city, as capital Fought Sweden to gain a warm water portFought Sweden to gain a warm water port 1703: began construction of St. Petersburg1703: began construction of St. Petersburg 25-100k serfs died building city 25-100k serfs died building city When completed, Peter ordered boyars from Moscow to move to new capital When completed, Peter ordered boyars from Moscow to move to new capital

36. Peter the Great’s Legacy Died in 1725 w/ no kids; wife became Empress (set precedent) Died in 1725 w/ no kids; wife became Empress (set precedent) First Autocrat of Russia First Autocrat of Russia Autocrat = one who rules with unlimited authority, powerAutocrat = one who rules with unlimited authority, power Took absolutism to its logical conclusionTook absolutism to its logical conclusion Russian tsar became most powerful monarch in Europe, until 1906 Russian tsar became most powerful monarch in Europe, until 1906

37. Mirror Mirror on the Wall Who’s the fairest Absolute Monarch of them all? Who’s the fairest Absolute Monarch of them all? From the list provided, research your favorite absolute monarch. From the list provided, research your favorite absolute monarch. Provide an image, slogan, map, quote and paragraph about your chosen monarch. Provide an image, slogan, map, quote and paragraph about your chosen monarch.