1. Cardiovascular Problems
Chapter 11

2. External Heart Anatomy
Left and right coronary arteries – delivers oxygen to the heart muscle

3. Ischemia inadequate flow of blood to a part of the body
caused by constriction or blockage of the blood vessels supplying it

4. Hypoxia
where the whole body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply
Clubbing- The tips of the fingers enlarge and the nails become extremely curved from front to back due chronic lack of oxygen.

5. Causes of reduced blood flow
blood clots -blood thickens and form a clot of blood cells
can moves through blood vessels and block arteries leading to organs

6. Causes of reduced blood flow
Atherosclerotic Plaques – causes a deposit of fat and other substances that accumulate in the lining of the artery wall.
Narrowing of vessel prevents blood flow

7. Angina Pectoris
medical term for chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease.
associated with uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of the chest.  The discomfort also may be felt in the neck, jaw, shoulder, back or arm.
caused by lack of oxygen from reduced blood flow.

8. “Feels like a heart attack”
Angina Pectoris

9. Myocardial Infarction
HEART ATTACK
a heart attack is the death of heart muscle from the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot

10. Heart Murmurs
a heart murmur is an extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat.
two types of heart murmurs: innocent (harmless) and abnormal.
Abnormal murmurs usually occurs because of a problem with one of the heart valves not closing properly
“I have a heart murmur!”

11. Causes of Heart Murmurs
Mitral Stenosis - a narrowing of the mitral valve opening that increases resistance to blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

12. Causes of Heart Murmurs
Mitral Insufficiency - incomplete closure of the mitral value which causes backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium of the heart.
Also called mitral valve regurgitation

13. “An irregular rhythm of the heart.”
Arrhythimia
arrhythimia is a term used to describe an abnormal electrical activity in the heart.
“An irregular rhythm of the heart.”
Types of arrhythimias:
heart block
atrial flutter
atrial fibrilation
ventricular fibrillation

14. Heart Block – one arrhythimia
the signal from the heart's upper to lower chambers is slowed or doesn't transmit all.
This is "heart block" or "AV block." This does not mean that the blood flow or blood vessels are blocked.
Can be mild and unnoticeable or extreme which can cause death since ventricles never receive signal to contract

15. Atrial Flutter – another arhythimia
Atrial flutter occurs when electrical impulses take an abnormal path through the atria
Causes atria to contract faster resulting in less blood for the ventricles to pump out during every beat.
The heart beats in a regular rhythm, but it beats rapidly.

16. Atrial Fibrillation – another arrhythimia
the atria ‘quiver’ instead of beating effectively. Blood isn't pumped completely out of them, so it may pool and clot.
If a piece of a blood clot in the atria leaves the heart and becomes lodged in an artery in the brain, a stroke results.

17. Ventricular Fibrillation – the last arrhythimia
Ventricular fibrillation is a series of very rapid, ineffective contractions of the ventricles caused by many chaotic electrical impulses.

18. Tachycardia vs. Bradycardia
Tachycardia – fast heart rate
Bradycardia – slow heart rate
Regular beat
Slow beat
Fast beat

19. Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart can't pump enough blood to the body's other organs.
The "failing" heart keeps working but not as efficiently as it should
As blood flow out of the heart slows, blood returning to the heart through the veins backs up, causing congestion in the tissues

20. So, how healthy is your heart?
Angiogram of a healthy heart