1. THE ROMAN EMPIRE

2. The Birth of the Roman Empire After Caesar’s assassination= civil war ensued After Caesar’s assassination= civil war ensued Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc Antony and Lepidus in 43 BCE and divided the Republic between them (sealed with a marriage between Octavian’s sister and Marc Antony) Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc Antony and Lepidus in 43 BCE and divided the Republic between them (sealed with a marriage between Octavian’s sister and Marc Antony) Lepidus was pushed from power Lepidus was pushed from power Marc Antony met and married Cleopatra in 36 BCE, but Octavian defeated Antony’s armies and Anthony and Cleopatra committed suicide Marc Antony met and married Cleopatra in 36 BCE, but Octavian defeated Antony’s armies and Anthony and Cleopatra committed suicide Octavian was left as master of Roman world Octavian was left as master of Roman world

3. From Octavian to Augustus Octavian claimed he would return control of republic to the Senate (really gave Senate power over provinces with weak military, while he kept provinces with large armies for himself) Octavian claimed he would return control of republic to the Senate (really gave Senate power over provinces with weak military, while he kept provinces with large armies for himself) He was given semi-divine name of Augustus and portrayed he was a descendant of Venus He was given semi-divine name of Augustus and portrayed he was a descendant of Venus Expanded his power by becoming Tribune to the People to bridge the gap between the rich and poor Expanded his power by becoming Tribune to the People to bridge the gap between the rich and poor Only took the title of Princeps (first among the equals or First Citizen) but was in fact Rome’s first emperor Only took the title of Princeps (first among the equals or First Citizen) but was in fact Rome’s first emperor Emperors were the commander in chief of the army and head of the priesthood Emperors were the commander in chief of the army and head of the priesthood Senate continued to exist to suggest and approve the Emperor’s decisions Senate continued to exist to suggest and approve the Emperor’s decisions

4. Rome under Augustus Period of Augustan peace called Principate Period of Augustan peace called Principate Flourishing of “Romanity” (arts, religion, civil service, literature, state sponsored architecture, mosaics and sculptures ie. 82 temples) Flourishing of “Romanity” (arts, religion, civil service, literature, state sponsored architecture, mosaics and sculptures ie. 82 temples) Had an imperial force of 9000 men known as Praetorian Guard to protect Rome Had an imperial force of 9000 men known as Praetorian Guard to protect Rome A great statesman and his system of bureaucracy lasted for 200 years A great statesman and his system of bureaucracy lasted for 200 years Massive building program that turned Rome from a ‘city of brick to a city of marble’ (2 circuses, 2 amphitheatres, 4 gladiatorial schools, 11 imperial baths, 926 private baths, 2000 fountains, 700 public pools and 37 monumental gates) Massive building program that turned Rome from a ‘city of brick to a city of marble’ (2 circuses, 2 amphitheatres, 4 gladiatorial schools, 11 imperial baths, 926 private baths, 2000 fountains, 700 public pools and 37 monumental gates) Estimated Rome population grew from 180 000 inhabitants in the Republic ( c. 270 BCE) -375 000 (130 BCE) to 1 million people under Augustus Estimated Rome population grew from 180 000 inhabitants in the Republic ( c. 270 BCE) -375 000 (130 BCE) to 1 million people under Augustus At its peak, there could have been as many as 54 million people within the Roman empire (based on Roman census taken every 5 years as a basis for taxation) At its peak, there could have been as many as 54 million people within the Roman empire (based on Roman census taken every 5 years as a basis for taxation)

5. Successors to Augustus: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Of the first 12 emperors- seven died violently by poison, stabbing or suicide. After Augustus, several emperors were violent, insane or both. Of the first 12 emperors- seven died violently by poison, stabbing or suicide. After Augustus, several emperors were violent, insane or both. Second Century AD brought a succession of “good emperors” many of whom were born out of Italy. Hadrian (from Spain)- rebuilt Pantheon, Hadrian's Wall, and created special departments to control things such as correspondence, justice, taxes and records. The good emperors developed a larger civil service and separated the governing of the empire into military and civil affairs. Second Century AD brought a succession of “good emperors” many of whom were born out of Italy. Hadrian (from Spain)- rebuilt Pantheon, Hadrian's Wall, and created special departments to control things such as correspondence, justice, taxes and records. The good emperors developed a larger civil service and separated the governing of the empire into military and civil affairs. TRAJAN HADRIAN CONSTANTINE NERO DIOCLETIAN

7. SLAVES & ECONOMY By time of Augustus, more than one quarter of the people living in Italy were slaves from other parts of the empire By time of Augustus, more than one quarter of the people living in Italy were slaves from other parts of the empire Slaves built roads, monuments and public works, farming Slaves built roads, monuments and public works, farming Some slaves were well educated people who worked as doctors, dentists, writer and educators Some slaves were well educated people who worked as doctors, dentists, writer and educators At height of empire, slaves made up an estimated 1/3 of population and were used as gladiators, dictation, worked in masters’ estates At height of empire, slaves made up an estimated 1/3 of population and were used as gladiators, dictation, worked in masters’ estates During Roman Empire, free grain had to be distributed to almost 200 000 people (lack of jobs; heavy reliance on slaves) During Roman Empire, free grain had to be distributed to almost 200 000 people (lack of jobs; heavy reliance on slaves) More than ¾ of food came from Sicily, North Africa and Egypt= paid for by taxes from rest of empire (Rome paid no taxes) More than ¾ of food came from Sicily, North Africa and Egypt= paid for by taxes from rest of empire (Rome paid no taxes) Wine, oil and pottery were the most important goods sent from Italy to the rest of the empire but more goods came from throughout the empire Wine, oil and pottery were the most important goods sent from Italy to the rest of the empire but more goods came from throughout the empire

8. Architecture Roman sculptures developed own styles with triumphal arches, columns and symbols and figures that celebrated the victories of conquering emperors Roman sculptures developed own styles with triumphal arches, columns and symbols and figures that celebrated the victories of conquering emperors Hadrian’s Wall Hadrian’s Wall Roman Aqueducts Roman Aqueducts Pantheon Pantheon Thermal Baths Thermal Baths Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre) built in 80 CE by Emperor Titus Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre) built in 80 CE by Emperor Titus Circus, theatres Circus, theatres Arch of Titus

9. Arch of Constantine

18. Bread and Circuses: Daily Life in the Roman Empire Pax Romana (Roman peace) occurred in 2 nd century CE under reigns of Hadrian and Pius (117- 161 CE) Pax Romana (Roman peace) occurred in 2 nd century CE under reigns of Hadrian and Pius (117- 161 CE) Daily life: Bread and Circuses: poor people of city were given free grain, while both the rich and poor enjoyed chariot races, gladiator duels and other spectacles of the Circus Maximus Daily life: Bread and Circuses: poor people of city were given free grain, while both the rich and poor enjoyed chariot races, gladiator duels and other spectacles of the Circus Maximus Legal punishments varied depending on class and wealth Legal punishments varied depending on class and wealth Luxury- theatre, public baths and diversity of goods Luxury- theatre, public baths and diversity of goods

19. Religions in the Roman Empire Cult of Isis- Egypt religion that worshiped Isis (wife of Osiris and mother of Horus) was very popular in Roman Empire (Pompeii there was a temple) Cult of Isis- Egypt religion that worshiped Isis (wife of Osiris and mother of Horus) was very popular in Roman Empire (Pompeii there was a temple) Mithraism- Persian deity was popular among soldiers and merchants as they traveled to far East (ritual killing of bull) Mithraism- Persian deity was popular among soldiers and merchants as they traveled to far East (ritual killing of bull) Christianity- became popular as it preached equality (slave, noble ) could achieve salvation but Christians were the most persecuted among the rising religions (ie. Nero and Great Fire in Rome) Christianity- became popular as it preached equality (slave, noble ) could achieve salvation but Christians were the most persecuted among the rising religions (ie. Nero and Great Fire in Rome) Judaism- Diaspora (dispersion) in 586 BCE spread out Jews but by 4 th century CE, there were 11 synagogues in Rome Judaism- Diaspora (dispersion) in 586 BCE spread out Jews but by 4 th century CE, there were 11 synagogues in Rome

21. The Problem of Greed… By time of Hadrian- (117-138 CE) Romans had an empire that stretched from Britain to middle of Asia By time of Hadrian- (117-138 CE) Romans had an empire that stretched from Britain to middle of Asia Why would Rome want to continue to expand its territories? Why would Rome want to continue to expand its territories? $ $ $: more taxes to generate and to push back tribes that threatened empire $ $ $: more taxes to generate and to push back tribes that threatened empire What problems would arise the larger the empire became? What problems would arise the larger the empire became? was difficult and expensive to control regions far from Rome was difficult and expensive to control regions far from Rome Provinces want independence Provinces want independence Tribes in north threaten Roman provinces Tribes in north threaten Roman provinces Spreading of disease as soldiers traveled in Egypt and Asia and returned to Rome Spreading of disease as soldiers traveled in Egypt and Asia and returned to Rome