1. Naming inorganic compounds
Pavla Balínová

2. What is important ??
symbols and English names of elements (see Periodic table, groups IA – VIIIA and IIIB – IIB)
names of common cations and anions
common names of selected compounds (e.g. bicarbonate)

4. Oxidation state (oxidation number)
shows the total number of electrons which have been removed from an element (= positive ox. state) or added to an element (= negative ox. state) to get to its present state
Oxidation = an increase in ox. state (loss of electrons)
Reduction = a decrease in ox. state (receiving of electrons)
Electronegativity is a chemical property which describes the power of an atom to attract electrons towards itself

5. Biogenic elements
Macroelements: H, O, C, N, P are building blocks in proteins, saccharides, lipids and nucleic acids
Ions are important components of extra- and intracellular fluids: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+/Fe3+, Cl-, PO43-, HCO3-

6. Nomenclature of binary compounds
names of binary compounds are derived from the names of cations and anions
all binary compounds end in –ide
e.g.
CaO = Calcium oxide
NaCl = Sodium chloride
KBr = Potassium bromide
H2O2 = Hydrogen peroxide
HCl = Hydrogen chloride (g), hydrochloric acid (l)

7. Nomenclature of binary compounds Peroxides
(O1-)2- peroxide bond -O-O- 2
e.g.
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
Lithium peroxide Li2O2
Sodium peroxide Na2O2
Magnesium peroxide MgO2
Barium peroxide BaO2

8. Nomenclature of binary compounds
composed of 2 nonmetals → Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound
Greek prefixes: mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-
e.g.
NO2 = Nitrogen dioxide
N2O3 = Dinitrogen trioxide
N2O5 = Dinitrogen pentoxide
CO = Carbon monoxide

9. Nomenclature of binary compounds
composed of metal ions with fixed or variable oxidation numbers and nonmetal ion are named by both the –ous / -ic suffixes or the Stock system (ox. number is written in a parenthesis)
e.g.
FeO = Ferrous oxide / Iron (II) oxide (lower ox. state)
Fe2O3 = Ferric oxide / Iron (III) oxide (higher ox. state)

10. Nomenclature of ternary compounds
are composed of H+ and/or metal ion with fixed or variable oxidation number, and a polyatomic ion (e.g. NO3-)
Bases: KOH = Potassium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 = Calcium hydroxide
Oxoacids: HNO2 = Nitrous acid (N3+)
HNO3 = Nitric acid (N5+)
H2SO3 = Sulfurous acid (S4+)
H2SO4 = Sulfuric acid (S6+)

11. Oxoacids and their salts
H2CO3 = Carbonic acid → CO32- = carbonate
H2SO3 = Sulfurous acid (S4+) → SO32- = sulfite
H2SO4 = Sulfuric acid (S6+) → SO42- = sulfate
● HClO = Hypochlorous acid (Cl1+) → (ClO)- = hypochlorite
HClO2 = Chlorous acid (Cl3+) → (ClO2)- = chlorite
HClO3 = Chloric acid (Cl5+) → (ClO3)- = chlorate
HClO4 = (Hy)perchloric acid (Cl7+) → (ClO4)- = perchlorate

12. Hydrogensalts (acid salts)
H3PO4 → H2PO4- = dihydrogen phosphate
→ HPO4 2- = hydrogen phosphate
H2SO4 → HSO4- = hydrogen sulfate
H2SO3 → HSO3- = hydrogen sulfite
H2CO3 → HCO3- = hydrogen carbonate

13. Hydrates of salts e.g. CuSO4 x 5 H2O Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate
● are salts that contain 1 or more molecules of H2O bound to their molecule
● number of molecules of water is expressed by Greek prefix + hydrate
e.g.
CuSO4 x 5 H2O Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate
CaSO4 x ½ H2O Calcium sulfate hemihydrate
CaHPO4 x 2 H2O Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate

14. Double salts are salts containing two different cations or anions
Na2Mg(CO3)2 Sodium magnesium carbonate
KMgF Potassium magnesium fluoride
NaNH4HPO4 Sodium ammonium hydrogen phosphate
● 2 anions
AlO(OH) Aluminium oxide hydroxide
Ca2F2(SO4) Calcium fluoride sulfate

15. Thioacids and thiosalts
are compounds in which one O atom is replaced by S atom (→ prefix thio-)
H2SO4 → H2S2O3 = Thiosulfuric acid
Na2SO4 → Na2S2O3 = Sodium thiosulfate
S2O32- = thiosulfate anion