1. Ch 81 Organizing and Managing Your Hard Disk

2. Ch 82 Overview Learn how to organize a hard disk efficiently and logically to serve your specific needs.

3. Ch 83 Overview How to determine the best command to use to locate a specific file, or to manage the hard disk, will be discussed.

4. Ch 84 Overview Will discuss the purpose and function of the CHKDSK command and then use the command to accomplish various tasks.

5. Ch 85 Overview Use the Disk Defragmenter program to optimize performance of your disk.

6. Ch 86 Why Organize a Hard Disk? Will accumulate many programs. è Each program generates many files.

7. Ch 87 Why Organize a Hard Disk? Windows XP Professional is installed, certain folders are created including: è Windows (WINNT) è Program Files è Documents and Settings è My Documents

8. Ch 88 Why Organize a Hard Disk? Integrated programs (suites): è Provide tools for common types of work.

9. Ch 89 Why Organize a Hard Disk? Additional programs must be installed on the hard disk before they can be used.

10. Ch 810 Why Organize a Hard Disk? Critical programs that should be purchased/downloaded: è Virus checking program è File compression utility

11. Ch 811 Why Organize a Hard Disk? Need to determine: è How program is installed è Where program is installed

12. Ch 812 Why Organize a Hard Disk? Root directory table capacity varies depending on the file system used.

13. Ch 813 Why Organize a Hard Disk? Can choose own installation location. è Can present problem when asking for technical support.

14. Ch 814 Why Organize a Hard Disk? Fig 8.1 A Typical Hard Disk Configuration p. 377

15. Ch 815 Why Organize a Hard Disk? Where should data files be placed? è Do NOT place data files in program folders. åData files contain information. å Program files contain instructions.

16. Ch 816 Why Organize a Hard Disk? Part of good organizational scheme is to create meaningful names for data files è Need naming conventions è Long file names problematic è Use of spaces can create problems è Similar file names problematic

17. Ch 817 Why Organize a Hard Disk? Fig 8.2 Organizing a Hard Disk by Software Application Package p. 379

18. Ch 818 Why Organize a Hard Disk? Data files used in conjunction with different programs can be problematic.

19. Ch 819 Why Organize a Hard Disk? è Organize disk by way you work. è Application programs are tools.

20. Ch 820 Why Organize a Hard Disk? Organization should assist you in saving, retrieving, and backing up data files.

21. Ch 821 Methods of Organizing a Hard Disk Criteria for Organizing a Hard Disk A. Root directory - map to rest of disk B. Plan organization of hard disk C. Develop a naming convention for files and directories

22. Ch 822 Methods of Organizing a Hard Disk D. Create many folders/subfolders prior to copying files into them E. If application software installed on computer, cannot/must not rename/move program/program support files

23. Ch 823 Methods of Organizing a Hard Disk F. Create shallow/wide folders NOT compact deep folders G. Data files and program files should not be in same subdirectory

24. Ch 824 Methods of Organizing a Hard Disk H. Many small directories with few files better than a large subdirectory with many files I. Directory names short but descriptive

25. Ch 825 Methods of Organizing a Hard Disk J. Create separate subdirectory for batch files K. Create UTILS (utilities) subdirectory

26. Ch 826 Methods of Organizing a Hard Disk L. Learn how to use application packages and how packages work M. Learn how application package works with subdirectories

27. Ch 827 Methods of Organizing a Hard Disk N. Analyze way you work O. Analyze your environment

28. Ch 828 Methods of Organizing a Hard Disk Hard disks can be organized in many ways.

29. Ch 829 Methods of Organizing a Hard Disk Organization should be result of: è How you work è How programs work

30. Ch 830 Organizing a Disk Hard disk can be reorganized without reformatting it or losing files.

31. Ch 831 Viewing Disk Structure with Tree Command TREE command used to see graphic representation of disk structure.

32. Ch 832 Viewing Disk Structure with Tree Command TREE syntax: TREE [drive:] [path] [/F] [/A]

33. Ch 833 Activity - Using the TREE Command KEY CONCEPTS: è See graphical representation of folder structure è Tree command with /A and with /F è Extended character set è Using graphic representation with redirection or MORE filter

34. Ch 834 Organizing the DATA Disk è Looking at structure, not contents, of text files è Reorganizing DATA disk will make it easier to manage è Note: in next slide, … represents file names

35. Ch 835 Organizing the DATA Disk Fig. 8.5 Current DATA Disk Structure p. 388

36. Ch 836 Activity—Setting Up the GAMES Subdirectory KEY CONCEPTS: è COPY - copies only files not subdirectories è Can manipulate default directory to shorten path name è Advantages of XCOPY command è Using ATTRIB -S -H - R *.* è Take care when using DEL with a wild card

37. Ch 837 MOVE Command Revisited MOVE command can: è Move files to new location è Rename subdirectories

38. Ch 838 MOVE Command Revisited è Safe to move data files and data directories. è Moving program files and renaming program directories may cause program to fail.

39. Ch 839 MOVE Command Revisited Program files: è Not usually copied to location è Installed in location with a setup program

40. Ch 840 Activity—Using MOVE to Organize Your Disk KEY CONCEPTS: è ATTRIB - hide files that won’t be moved è REN - does not rename subdirectories è Results of using MOVE command è Differences between moving files and renaming subdirectories è When GUI is more efficient

41. Ch 841 Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFS CHKDSK is a viable utility program.

42. Ch 842 Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFS Use CHKDSK to get information about a disk: è Free space available è Bad spots è File fragmentation è Logical structure problems

43. Ch 843 Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFS CHKDSK command with FAT file system: è Analyzes: å File Allocation Tables on disk å Integrity of files è Traces chain of data for each file è Gives statistical information

44. Ch 844 Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFS NTFS uses MFT to track files on disk.

45. Ch 845 Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFS CHKDSK command with NTFS: è Stage 1 å Looking for discrepancies or problems è Stage 2 åVerifies directories åChecks for internal consistency åVerifies files times/dates/size è Stage 3 åChecks/verifies security for each directory and file

46. Ch 846 Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFS CHKDSK syntax: CHKDSK [volume] [[path] filename]] [/F] [/V] [/R] [/X] [/I] [/C] [/L[:size]]

47. Ch 847 Checking a Disk: FAT and NTFS è Some parameters valid only with... å FAT file system. å NTFS drives. è Need administrator privileges to run CHKDSK on hard disk.

48. Ch 848 Activity—Using CHKDSK on Hard & Floppy Drives KEY CONCEPTS: è Information provided by CHKDSK è How to repair a disk

49. Ch 849 Verbose Parameter with the CHKDSK Command CHKDSK with /V on FAT drive: è Running in verbose mode è Gives status report è Displays every file on disk

50. Ch 850 Verbose Parameter with the CHKDSK Command CHKDSK with /V on NTFS drive: è Displays any clean-up messages

51. Ch 851 Verbose Parameter with the CHKDSK Command Parameters: è Are associated with specific commands è Perform specific tasks for those commands

52. Ch 852 Activity—Using /V Parameter & Using DIR Parameters KEY CONCEPTS: è Redirect output of CHKDSK /V to file and use command line editor to view it è DIR /S vs. CHKDSK /V è How to pause display è How to display files and directories è Use of DIR with /A, /D, /R, /H,/S, & /A è Use of - sign before attribute

53. Ch 853 Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems FAT disk: è FAT and Directory work together è Each file has entry in directory table åFAT points to next cluster if file longer than one cluster è Pointer chains all data together in a file è If chain broken (lost pointer) end up with lost clusters

54. Ch 854 Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems Lost clusters: è Occur when chain broken (lost pointers) è Marked as used in FAT è Do not belong to specific file è Cannot be retrieved è Lose space on disk

55. Ch 855 Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems Fig 8.6 Lost Clusters p. 414

56. Ch 856 Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems Why lost clusters occur: è Program not exited properly è Power failure or power surges

57. Ch 857 Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems NTFS disk (Stage 2): è CHKDSK looks for orphaned files åHas entry in MFT - but not listed in any directory åSimilar to lost cluster in FAT file system

58. Ch 858 Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems If lost or orphaned files occur, may not be able to boot back into Windows.

59. Ch 859 Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems Cannot use CHKDSK /F to repair disk errors when Windows XP Professional is running.

60. Ch 860 Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems When executing CHKDSK /F command, you get message at beginning of display similar to this: C:\>CHKDSK /F The type of the file system is FAT32. Cannot lock current drive. CHKDSK cannot run because the volume is in use by another process. Would you like to schedule this volume to be checked the next time the system restarts? (Y/N)

61. Ch 861 Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems è Can schedule CHKDSK /F to run when computer starts up next time. è Can use /F and /R with CHKDSK on a floppy disk.

62. Ch 862 Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems è With multiple hard drives can run CHKDSK on hard drive that is not default drive. è On an active partition may report erroneous error messages.

63. Ch 863 Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems è /F - repairs logical errors. è /R - locates bad sectors and recovers readable information. è Using /R implies /F.

64. Ch 864 Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems Be careful when running CHKSDK: è Back up data files è Large number of files can take a long time to repair disk

65. Ch 865 Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems Cross-linked files: è Usually occur on FAT disk è Two files claim same cluster

66. Ch 866 Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems Fig 8.7 Cross-Linked Files p. 416

67. Ch 867 Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems It is possible to recover data from cross-linked files.

68. Ch 868 Activity—Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems KEY CONCEPTS: è To run CHKDSK Windows XP Professional needs total access to disk. è How errors on FAT disk are resolved

69. Ch 869 Activity—Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems Fig 8.8 A Lost Cluster Opened in Notepad p. 418

70. Ch 870 Checking Disks with System Tools System Tools (found in GUI) can be used to check a disk: è Error-checking (CHKDSK) è Backup è Defragmentation

71. Ch 871 Activity—Checking Disks with System Tools KEY CONCEPTS: è Three choices for floppy å Check and fix errors äIf bad sectors found, copy files to other disk - throw bad floppy away å Backup disk å Defragmentation (can’t be done) è Defragmentation - only on hard disk

72. Ch 872 Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files è Data - string of bytes OS keeps track of by grouping information into files. è To store/retrieve files disk divided into number blocks called sectors. è Contiguous sectors grouped into clusters.

73. Ch 873 Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files Cluster: è Smallest unit operating system can read from/write to è Comprised of one or more sectors è File (usually) consists of more than one cluster

74. Ch 874 Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files The directory and FAT are used by the operating system to keep track of the location of all parts of a file.

75. Ch 875 Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files NTFS: è Keeps track of files by means of MFT è Beginning with Windows 2000 NTFS is supported è Allows local security

76. Ch 876 Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files Decision on which file system to use determined when disk volume originally partitioned.

77. Ch 877 Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files è FAT keeps record of cluster numbers each file occupies. è Files written to disk in adjacent clusters whenever possible.

78. Ch 878 Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files Fig 8.9 One File in Clusters p. 423

79. Ch 879 Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files Fig 8.10 Contiguous Files in Clusters p. 423

80. Ch 880 Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files Fig 8.11 Noncontiguous Files in a Cluster p. 423

81. Ch 881 Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files Fig 8.12 Adding a File p. 423

82. Ch 882 Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files Fig 8.13 Adding More Files p. 423

83. Ch 883 Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files è Noncontiguous, or fragmented, files can slow disk performance. è On FAT volumes CHKDSK with parameter used to see if files are contiguous or fragmented.

84. Ch 884 Activity—Using CHKDSK to see if Files are Contiguous KEY CONCEPTS: è Adding file name parameter after CHKDSK è Using wildcards with common denominator è Use of wildcards with CHKDSK command è Importance of contiguous files è Disk Optimization programs

85. Ch 885 Defragmenting Your Hard Disk Disk maintenance should be performed on a regular basis to make programs run faster and better.

86. Ch 886 Defragmenting Your Hard Disk Run Defragmenter program from: è Tools menu (Disk Drive Property Sheet) è Start Menu

87. Ch 887 Defragmenting Your Hard Disk Disk Defragmenter program: è Moves data on disks so files are contiguous è Can be run without closing all programs è Better/faster/safer to close all programs prior to running program

88. Ch 888 Activity: Using Disk Defragmenter KEY CONCEPTS: è Can choose to defragment or view analysis report è Wise to defragment hard drive regularly to improve performance of system