1. CABLING
LANs & WANs
Module 5 Semester I

2. Content
Cabling the LAN
Cabling the WAN

3. Objectives Identify straight-through, crossover, and rollover cables.
Identify characteristics of Ethernet networks.
Identify straight-through, crossover, and rollover cables.
Describe the function, advantages, and disadvantages of repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, and wireless network components.
Describe the function of peer-to-peer networks.
Describe the function, advantages, and disadvantages of client-server networks.
Describe and differentiate between serial, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), digital subscriber line (DSL), and cable modem WAN connections.
Identify router serial ports, cables, and connectors.
Identify and describe the placement of equipment used in various WAN configurations.

4. Cabling the LAN The Physical Layer

5. Networking Media Carry flow of information
Media Types
Coaxial
Fiber Optic
Space
Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair cable (Cat 5 UTP)
Media Characteristics:
Cable length
Cost
Ease of installation
Susceptibility to interference
A subset of physical layer implementations for Ethernet LANs

6. Ethernet Media
Ethernet technologies can be used in a campus network in several different ways:
10 Mbps at the user level to provide good performance.
100 Mbps for clients or servers that require more bandwidth.
Fast or Gigabit Ethernet between backbone devices.

7. Media Connectors

8. RJ-45 connectors
This is the Connector
This is the Jack

9. 568B pin assignments – straight cable
Transmit Data
Tip +ve
Transmit Data
Ring -ve
Receive Data
Ring -ve
Receive Data
Tip +ve

10. Cross Over cable – pin assignments

11. Interconnecting Devices
Use straight-through cables for…
Switch to router
Switch to PC or server
Hub to PC or server
Use roll-over cables to…
Connect a terminal to a console port
Use crossover cables for…
Switch to switch
Switch to hub
Hub to hub
Router to router
PC to PC
Router to PC

12. LAN Devices Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches

13. Hubs Repeaters - Hubs Repeaters
A repeater regenerates and retimes network signals at the bit level to allow them to travel a longer distance
5-4-3 Rule for 10-Mbps Ethernet should be used to limit latency
Too much latency on the LAN increases the number of latecollisions and makes the LAN less efficient
Hubs
Hubs are actually multiport repeaters
Change the network topology from a linear bus to a star
Three basic types:
Passive – no boost, no clean and no power
Active - needs power to amplify the incoming signal
Intelligent - microprocessor chip and diagnostic capabilities

14. Bridges & Switches Bridges Switches
Bridges and switches operate at the Data Link layer.
Destination MAC address is looked up in the bridge table to determine whether to filter, flood, or copy the frame onto another segment.
Switches
A switch has many ports with many network segments connected to them.
A switch chooses the port to which the destination device is connected.
Alleviates congestion in LANs by reducing the size of collision domains, reducing traffic and increasing bandwidth.
Two basic operations:
Switching data frames.
Build and maintain switching tables and search for loops.
Switches operate at much higher speeds than bridges and can support new functionality, such as virtual LANs.

15. Wireless IR weaknesses:
Much less cabling
RF, IR, laser, satellite, microwaves
The only cabling can be to the Access Points
The transmitter converts source data to EM waves
The receiver converts waves back into data
All devices in WLAN must have Wireless NICs
IR weaknesses:
‘Line of sight’ limitation (newer technologies combat this)
Signal weakening or obstruction by people or humidity
RF technology works between rooms or even buildings
RF weaknesses:
Single frequency is subject to outside interference and obstructions
Single frequency is easily monitored by others making it insecure
FHSS and DSSS are Spread Spectrum technologies which add security and immunity to noise by using multiple frequencies

16. NIC
The function of a NIC is to connect a host device to the network medium
The NIC is also referred to as a network adapter
NICs are considered Layer 2 devices because each NIC carries a unique code called a MAC address

17. Network Environments

18. Peer-to-Peer In a peer-to-peer network
networked computers act as equal partners, or peers
individual users control their own resources
Peer-to-peer networks are relatively easy to install and operate
A peer-to-peer network works well with 10 or fewer computers
peer-to-peer networks do not scale well, their efficiency decreases rapidly as the number of computers on the network increases
Security is difficult to maintain

19. Client/Server
In a client/server arrangement, network services are located on a dedicated computer called a server
The server is a central computer that is continuously available to respond to requests from clients for file, print, and application services
Servers are designed to handle requests from many clients simultaneously
The aggregation of resources on server systems brings greater security, simpler access and coordinated control, the server introduces a single point of failure

20. Peer-to-Peer vs. Client/Server Advantages
Advantages of a Peer-to-Peer Network
Advantages of a Client/Server Network
Less expensive to implement
Provides for better security
Does not require additional specialized network administration software
Easier to administer when the network is large due to centralized administration
Does not require a dedicated network administrator
All data can be backed up on one central location

21. Peer-to-Peer vs. Client/Server Disadvantages
Disadvantages of a Peer-to-Peer Network
Disadvantages of a Client/Server Network
Does not scale well to a large networks and administration becomes unmanageable
Requires expensive specialized network administrative and operational software
Each user must be trained to perform administrative tasks
Requires expensive, more powerful hardware for the server machine
Less secure
Requires a professional administrator
All machines sharing resources negatively impacts performance
Has a single point of failure. User data is unavailable if the server is down

22. WAN Connections
Serial connections are used to support WAN services such as dedicated leased lines that run Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) or Frame Relay

23. WAN WANs use serial transmission
This is a process by which bits of data are sent over a single channel
This process provides reliable long distance communication and the use of a specific electromagnetic or optical frequency range
Signals transmitted over voice grade telephone lines use 3 kilohertz (kHz).

24. WAN
Serial connections are used to support WAN services such as dedicated leased lines that run Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) or Frame Relay
ISDN offers dial-on-demand connections or dial backup services.
ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) is composed of:
Two 64 kbps bearer channels (B channels) for data
One delta channel (D channel) at 16 kbps used for signaling and other link-management tasks
PPP is typically used to carry data over the B channels.

25. Router Connections
Cisco router physical connectivity is provided by serial connections:
The first type of serial connections is a 60-pin connector
The second is a more compact ‘smart serial’ connector
The provider connector will vary depending on the type of service equipment

26. DTE/DCE
When the connection is made directly to a service provider, or a device that provides signal clocking such as a channel/data service unit (CSU/DSU), the router will be a data terminal equipment (DTE) and use a DTE serial cable.
When the local router is required to provide the clocking rate it will use a data communications equipment (DCE) cable

27. Router Connection Points

28. Managing Routers
To initially configure the Cisco device, a management connection must be directly connected to the device
The console port allows monitoring and configuration of a Cisco hub, switch, or router
The cable used between a terminal and a console port is a rollover cable
also known as a console cable

29. Console Connection

30. ……. Continue next class, thank you

31. LABS

32. LABS 5.1.5 RJ-45 jack punch down 5.1.7 Hub & NIC purchase
Purchasing LAN Switches
Building a Peer to Peer network
5.1.13a Building a HUB based network
5.1.13b Building a Switch based network