1. Macromolecules August 16, 2013

2. Objectives  Identify macromolecule type from pictures or models  Describe the functions of macromolecules  Identify examples of the four macromolecules found in the human body  Use models to represent the macromolecules  Identify macromolecule type from pictures or models  Describe the functions of macromolecules  Identify examples of the four macromolecules found in the human body  Use models to represent the macromolecules

3. Macromolecules Macromolecules are large organic molecules that consist of chains of repeating subunits called monomers.

4. Macromolecules Macromolecules are large organic molecules that consist of chains of repeating subunits called monomers.

5. Carbohydrates All have formula: C n H 2n O n Classified as Mono saccharides (one) Di saccharides (two) Poly saccharids (many) Function in humans: Energy storage All have formula: C n H 2n O n Classified as Mono saccharides (one) Di saccharides (two) Poly saccharids (many) Function in humans: Energy storage Glucose (monosaccharide)

6. Monosaccharides Glucose – used to transport energy through the blood to all cells in the body Ribose – found in nucleic acids Glucose – used to transport energy through the blood to all cells in the body Ribose – found in nucleic acids

7. Monosaccharides Glucose – used to transport energy through the blood to all cells in the body Ribose – found in nucleic acids Glucose – used to transport energy through the blood to all cells in the body Ribose – found in nucleic acids glucose ribose

8. Disaccharides Lactose Found in milk Lactose Found in milk

9. Polysaccharides Glycogen Used for energy storage in liver & muscles Made of glucose molecules Glycogen Used for energy storage in liver & muscles Made of glucose molecules

10. Carbohydrate Quick Review 1) What are the 3 types of carbohydrates? 2) What is the main function of carbohydrates in humans? 3) How will you recognize a carbohydrate? 1) What are the 3 types of carbohydrates? 2) What is the main function of carbohydrates in humans? 3) How will you recognize a carbohydrate?

11. Lipids Diverse, but all are non-polar (thus hydrophobic) Diverse, but all are non-polar (thus hydrophobic) TypeFunction Triglycerides (fats & Oils)Energy storage, insulation Steroids (including cholesterol) Hormones, part of cell membrane PhospholipidsChief component of cell Membrane; Covers Nerves Vitamins (A, E, K)Vital for many functions

12. Triglycerides Fun Facts What’s the difference between … Oils vs. Fats?

13. Triglycerides Fun Facts What’s the difference between … Oils vs. Fats? Oils are liquid at room temperature, while fats are solid. What’s the difference between … Oils vs. Fats? Oils are liquid at room temperature, while fats are solid.

14. Triglycerides Fun Facts What’s the difference between … Saturated and Unsaturated Fats? What’s the difference between … Saturated and Unsaturated Fats?

15. Triglycerides Fun Facts What’s the difference between … Saturated and Unsaturated Fats? Saturated fats are “saturated” with hydrogens and thus form a straight chain. Unsaturated fats have some double bonds, and thus are bent. What’s the difference between … Saturated and Unsaturated Fats? Saturated fats are “saturated” with hydrogens and thus form a straight chain. Unsaturated fats have some double bonds, and thus are bent.

16. Energy Storage: Lipids Vs. Carbs LIPIDS  Usually long-term  More energy dense  Cannot be easily transported  Doesn’t impact osmotic balance  Less easily digested LIPIDS  Usually long-term  More energy dense  Cannot be easily transported  Doesn’t impact osmotic balance  Less easily digested Carbs  Usually short-term  Less energy dense  Can be transported  Impacts osmotic balance  More easily digested

17. Lipid Quick Review 1.What property do all Lipids share? 2.Name 3 examples of lipids in the body. 3.Why would we store excess energy as Fat, rather than carbohydrates? 1.What property do all Lipids share? 2.Name 3 examples of lipids in the body. 3.Why would we store excess energy as Fat, rather than carbohydrates?

18. Amino Acids Proteins are folded-up chains of amino acids. There are 20 commonly occurring amino acids. Proteins are folded-up chains of amino acids. There are 20 commonly occurring amino acids.

19. Protein structure

20. Functions of Proteins Partial list only! FunctionExampleDetailsShape EnzymeslactaseBreaks down lactoseglobular Movementmyosin & actinSlide past each other to cause muscle contraction Fibrous TransporthemoglobinCarries oxygen in bloodglobular StructuralcollagenTough fiber that provides strength Fibrous HormonesinsulinRegulates blood sugarglobular DefenseimmunoglobinsAntibodiesglobular

21. Nucleic Acids DNA: Genetic Information RNA: Transcribes and translates DNA to make proteins DNA: Genetic Information RNA: Transcribes and translates DNA to make proteins

22. Nucleotide structure Each nucleotide has three parts:  A phosphate group  A sugar  A nitrogenous base (A, C, T, or G) Each nucleotide has three parts:  A phosphate group  A sugar  A nitrogenous base (A, C, T, or G)

23. ATP The energy Currency of the Cell The energy Currency of the Cell

24. Stop & Jot, then Share 1.Which macromolecule has the most complex structure? Why do you say that? 2.Which macromolecule has the most diversity of functions? 1.Which macromolecule has the most complex structure? Why do you say that? 2.Which macromolecule has the most diversity of functions?

25. Quick Review Identify the macromolecule and Function  RNA  Phospholipid  Glycogen  Collagen  Lactose  Insulin Identify the macromolecule and Function  RNA  Phospholipid  Glycogen  Collagen  Lactose  Insulin