1. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI1

2. Hubble is now observing galaxies 97% of the way back to the Big Bang, during the first 500 million years Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI2

3. Previous searches for galaxies in the first 500 Myr came up short. Only one candidate was found where six were expected. This suggested a dramatic buildup in galaxy numbers. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI3 adapted from Bouwens12 see also Oesch12 BIG BANG time TODAY (13.7)

4. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI4 adapted from Bouwens12 see also Oesch12 TODAY (13.7) BIG BANG time (log suns / year / cubic megaparsec) (billions.of years) galaxies build up then run out of gas Previous searches for galaxies in the first 500 Myr came up short. Only one candidate was found where six were expected. This suggested a dramatic buildup in galaxy numbers.

5. Such dramatic evolution could have surprising implications Did galaxies only just start forming then? (Unlikely based on stellar masses observed later) Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI5

6. Such dramatic evolution could have surprising implications Not enough faint galaxies to reionize the universe (stripping electrons from atoms)? Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI6 Robertson10 time May require a more exotic energy source such as dark matter self-annihilation + + - - + + - - + + - - Atoms, they come together Atoms, they fall apart We are all made of stars – paraphrasing song lyrics by Moby Reionization - -

7. Two complementary programs have now identified five candidate galaxies in the first 500 million years UDF Ultra Deep Field (now even deeper!) “CLASH” – using gravitational lensing from “cosmic telescopes” to magnify the distant universe Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI7

8. The Hubble Space Telescope, now in its 23rd year of operation, is more powerful and advanced than ever Servicing Mission 4 (2009) Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI8 May 2009 Improved imaging at near-ultraviolet and near-infrared wavelengths The Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) was installed during Servicing Mission 4 (center white panel)

9. Hubble now has four operational imagers / spectrographs Two primary cameras: – Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) – Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) Two spectrographs: – Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) – Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI9 J. Hecht LaserFocusWorld

10. Hubble Multi-Cycle Treasury Program To help realize Hubble’s full potential First ever call for multi-year proposals 39 programs were proposed, 3 were approved – Combined 5 months of Hubble observing time, carried out over 3 years: Fall 2010 – Fall 2013 – PHAT: stars – CANDELS: galaxies – CLASH: galaxy clusters Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI10

11. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI11 PHAT Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury Survey PI: Julianne Dalcanton stars region being observed with Hubble

12. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI12 PHAT Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury Survey PI: Julianne Dalcanton PHAT progress as of Nov 2012; Hubble will image 414 contiguous fields upon completion stars

13. CANDELS Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey PIs: Sandra Faber & Harry Ferguson Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI13 galaxies

14. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI14 galaxy clusters

15. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI15 galaxy clusters

16. Gravitational lensing in action Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI16 Animation: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1106a/ – NASA, ESA & L. Calçada

17. Gravitational lensing in action Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI17 Animation: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1106a/ – NASA, ESA & L. Calçada

18. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI18 Strong gravitational lensing produces multiple magnified images of distant galaxies distant galaxy observed when the universe was 900 million years old

19. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI19 Gravitational Lensing

20. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI20 Wine Glass Lensing Phil Marshall

21. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI21

22. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI22

23. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI23 Dark Matter 23% Dark Energy 72% Known 5% Stars 2% Neutrinos 1% Heavy Elements 0.1% Gas 15% Dark Matter 82% Matter

24. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI24 Dark Matter FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) Is that like black holes? Black holes make up some of the dark matter, but not much Is Pluto a planet? Sorry, not anymore. Yes, we are redoing all the horoscopes. Dark matter may be made of particles we’ve yet to discover

25. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI25 Dark Matter FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) Is that like black holes? Black holes make up some of the dark matter, but not much Is Pluto a planet? Sorry, not anymore. And yes, we are redoing all the horoscopes.* Dark matter may simply be made of particles we’ve yet to discover (the “next Higgs”) *We don’t actually do the horoscopes

26. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI26 Zolt Levay

27. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI27 Zolt Levay

28. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI28 Zolt Levay

29. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI29 Zolt Levay

30. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI30 Zolt Levay Adi Zitrin

31. Three strongly lensed images of MACS0647-JD: a candidate for the most distant galaxy yet known Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI31

32. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI32 Galaxy redshifts are primarily due to expansion of space, not Doppler shift Expanding universe stretches light to longer wavelengths ESO animation: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/redshiftv/ Redshift (z) = stretch factor minus one time

33. Wavelength Observed Lyman break reveals redshift of a distant galaxy Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI33 Observed Flux 0.1216(1+z) μm + + - - redshifted Lyman breakredshifted galaxy light Ultraviolet light with wavelengths lower than Lyman-alpha (0.1216 μm) never reaches us Lyman-alpha forest / Gunn-Peterson trough

34. MACS0647-JD MACS0647-JD appears to be at redshift 11, its light traveling 13.3 billion years to reach us. During that time, the universe has expanded in size by a factor of 12, redshifting the Lyman break from 0.1216μm to 1.46μm. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI34 Visible lightInfrared lightUltraviolet light Hubble filters J-band unprecedented number of

35. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI35 6σ 7σ 6σ 10σ 15σ 12σ J-band MACS0647-JD MACS0647-JD only appears in the two reddest Hubble filters JD = “J-band dropout” Visible light Infrared light

36. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI36 MACS0647-JD MACS0647-JD is not visible in Spitzer images at longer wavelengths This is good. Bright detections would have suggested a red less-distant galaxy as opposed to a blue more-distant galaxy. The current Spitzer images are relatively shallow. By observing deeper, we can hope to detect MACS0647-JD and measure its age and dust content (pollution level). HubbleSpitzer

37. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI37 Redshifted or just red (old / dusty)? Starburst Elliptical Spiral Age Galaxies do come in different colors, but the observed colors of MACS0647-JD can only be explained by a very distant galaxy

38. MACS1149-JD z ≈ 9.6 (490 Myr) Wei Zheng et al. Nature 489, 406 Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI38 Another candidate in the first 500 Myr

39. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI39 R. Ellis

40. Ultra Deep Field 2012 7 candidates for galaxies observed in first 570 million years, including a new candidate for most distant galaxy known Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI40

41. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI41 Revised to z ≈ 11.9 by R. Ellis based on F140W non-detection, though they caution it may be a less distant extreme emission line galaxy Another candidate for most distant galaxy known UDF12-3954-6284 z = 11.9 +0.3 -0.5 (370 Myr after big bang) F105W F140W F160W only detected in the reddest Hubble filter Originally identified in 2011 by R. Bouwens who estimated z = 10.3 ± 0.8 (450 Myr) R. Ellis added in 2012:

42. So what is the most distant galaxy yet known? Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI42

43. Most distant galaxy candidates discovered to date Redshift (68% CL) age of universe objectF160W AB magnitude Flux (nJy)referencefield / survey 11.9 +0.3 -0.5 370 MyrUDF12-3954-628429.3 ± 0.27Ellis13, Bouwens11 UDF12 10.8 ± 0.3420 MyrMACS0647-JD25.9, 26.1, 27.3162 - 42Coe13CLASH 9.6 ± 0.2490 MyrMACS1149-JD25.7 ± 0.07194Zheng12CLASH 9.5 +0.4 -0.8 500 MyrUDF12-4106-730429.7 ± 0.35Ellis13UDF12 9.5 +0.4 -0.7 500 MyrUDF12-4265-704929.7 ± 0.45Ellis13UDF12 9.2 +0.4 -0.6 520 MyrMACS1115-JD26.2 ± 0.2115Bouwens13CLASH 9.0 +0.3 -0.8 540 MyrMACS1720-JD26.9 ± 0.366Bouwens13CLASH Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI43 Redshiftage of universe objectAB magnitudereference 7.215 (spec-z)720 MyrSXDF-NB1006-224.6 narrow bandShibuya12 7.213 (spec-z)720 MyrGN-10803625.5 Y (1μm)Ono12 Highest redshifts spectroscopically confirmed

44. UDF + CLASH provide our first views of first 500 million years, but more observations are required to constrain cosmic evolution Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI44 Ellis et al. Cosmic star formation rate density 500 400 800 600 1Gyr Myr after big bang 1.5Gyr

45. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI45 Lensing is more efficient at discovering the most distant galaxies blank field lensed Log galaxies per Hubble image

46. Simone Kay “Blank” FieldLensed To lens or not to lens? Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI46 Magnified: more efficient, detailed study We can map out the lensing dark matter well but not perfectly

47. We have decided to do both! Hubble will observe lensed and “blank” fields simultaneously in parallel. h Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI47

48. Swap cameras 6 months later / earlier h Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI48

49. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI49 The Frontier Fields: first 4 of 6 selected Hubble will obtain the first ever deep lensed IR images, while simultaneously observing more “blank” deep fields in parallel nearly 2 months on Hubble over 3 years: Fall 2013 – Fall 2016 observations of final 2 cluster-field pairs subject to approval dark matter gas

50. The Frontier Fields will help address questions about the early universe Do we find the numbers of galaxies we expect, or do we observe more dramatic evolution? Were there enough galaxies to reionize the early universe? Can we detect any pristine galaxies yet to be enriched by supernova explosions? Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI50

51. Hubble cannot observe the first 300 million years. The James Webb Space Telescope is required to observe and study the first galaxies. Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI51

52. CLASH and the UDF are performing frontier science, discovering galaxy candidates in the first 500 Myr with Hubble and Spitzer The Hubble Frontier Fields will build upon these efforts, improving the galaxy census 300 – 500 Myr after the big bang The James Webb Space Telescope is required to observe the first galaxies at earlier times Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI52

53. Thank you Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI