1. University Library Ghent ___________________ The impact of Open Access November 21, 2007 Inge Van Nieuwerburgh

2. Summary  Publish or perish?  Dissemination and certification  Open Access  OA offers perspectives  Advantages  Open Access now  Driver

3. Publish or Perish

4. source: Alma Swan, Key Perspectives Ltd, 15 May 2006 OA workshop Brussels

5. Functions scientific publication Source: Herbert Van de Sompel, “Open Archives voor onderzoek” Gent, 22 Oct. 2002

6.  A journal, almost naturally, united these 5 functions  They are, however, separable

7. Dissemination and certification

8. The scientific Journal  1665, Henry Oldenburg, Philosophical Transactions of the royal society of London  Public registration of original contributions to science (validation)  Intellectual rights  Peer review (hierarchy)  But: boundaries

9.  “core journals”  “web of knowledge”  Impact factors  Top journals must be accessible, whatever the cost  Price rises exponentially  Subscriptions are cancelled

10. Scientist reacts  No or little access to research results  Delay publication  Poor visibility  Loss of research output

11. Experiment: Arxiv  Physics, Mathematics, Computer Science and Quantitative Biology  Paul Ginsparg  Database of Open Access publications (mostly preprints)  http://www.arxiv.org/ http://www.arxiv.org/

12. Public good  University pays scientists and infrastructure  Public funds fund projects  BUT: research results are only accessible through subscriptions

13. Open Access

14. Open access: what  Worldwide electronic dissemination  Of peer-reviewed scientific journal articles  Without any barriers (no price barrier nor copyright barrier)

15. Open Access: why?  Speed-up and enhance the accessibility of an article  Enhance the visibility  Enhance the worldwide impact => innovation, prestige, funding

16. Open Access: how?  “self archiving”: The scientist archives a publication in an openly available repository. This is also known as “green road to open access”  Publish in an Open Access Journal, a freely available electronic journal. This is also known as “gold road to open access”

17. Green road: questions  What to register in an Open Archive? Only published articles? Theses? Conference proceedings?  What about raw data?  How to handle embargo’s?  What about peer review?  What about version control?

18. Traditional academic publishing works like this  Research money (typically from the government, ie your money) is used to fund research and scientists write articles about it.  Those articles are sent to periodicals (journals) to be published. The journals are corporate, and carry different amounts of prestige. For a researcher, getting papers in prestigious journals is extremely important, so they send them off willingly, and the journals do not pay a dime (in fact, sometimes the researcher has to pay).  The article is sent to an editor at the journal, who is typically a well established senior researcher working for free because being an editor is prestigious (that is, he is working on time paid for by your money).

19.  The editor chooses researchers to do "peer review" on the article, that is anonymously judge its merit. These peer reviewers work for free.  If the article is accepted, the researcher is very happy, and gleefully signs over the copyright on the article he has written (which you paid for) to the corporate publisher.  The corporate publisher, which now owns the article, won't let anybody access it unless they pay for a subscription to the journal. Large universities typically pay millions of dollars a year (again, largely your money) for journal subscriptions. Discussie rond PRISM op Slashdot: http://yro.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=291935&cid=20527549 (10 sept. 2007) http://yro.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=291935&cid=20527549

20. Open Access offers perspectives

21. Open Archives Initiative  Need for standardisation of data exchange between electronic databases  OAI-PMH short for Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting  Content provider and service provider  Machine-to-machine  http://www.openarchives.org/ http://www.openarchives.org/

23. Result  Open archives around the world  With OAI-PMH as API  Can be harvested by 1 service  Extra:

25. Advantages

26. Scientist  As an author:  More visibility  More impact  Control over publication  Archiving of publication  As a reader:  No price barrier, no copyright barrier

27. Institute  Visibility  Archiving  Sustainable access to research output

28. And also…  “The doctor”, “the teacher”, …  The press  The public

29. Open Access now

30. How is Open Access doing?  More and more publishers allow OA, although sometimes with an embargo period  More and more research funders mandate OA for publications based on research funded by them  More and more institutions have an institutional repository

31. Some figures  DOAJ: 2937 journals (19 Nov. 2007); 163225 articles  ROAR: 954 archives (subject and institutional)  OAIster: 13,981,501 records from 903 contributors

32. Europe  Scientific Publishing in the European Research Area: Access, Dissemination and Preservation in the Digital Age (15/16 Febr. 2007)  In FP7: Open Access publication costs can be included in the budget  Budgets for the development of open archives and digital preservation  Funds for studies on scientific publications and business models

33. Driver

34. General  Digital Repositories Infrastructure Vision for European Research  6th framework programme (FP6) in Research Infrastructure  10 partners, 8 countries (will be elaborated with 3 countries in Driver II)  18 months, 1.8 milj. euro

35. The five objectives of DRIVER are:  To organise and build a virtual, European scale network of existing institutional repositories from the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Belgium.  To assess and implement state-of-the-art technology, which manages the physically distributed repositories as one large scale virtual content resource.  To assess and implement a number of fundamental user services.  To identify, implement and promote a relevant set of standards.  To prepare the future expansion and upgrade of the DR infrastructure across Europe and to ensure widest possible involvement and exploitation by users.

36.  Network of “content providers“ (content)  “Test bed” for repository services (infrastructure)  Focussed studies (planning)  Advocacy and awareness training (outreach)

37.  Designed for open, comprehensive re-use of data and software  DRIVER ≠ OAIster, BASE but DRIVER data or software can also be deployed by systems like OAIster or BASE  Success not measured by the number of users searching the DRIVER index but by the number of service providers re-using/deploying DRIVER data and/or software  DRIVER Search interface is a demonstrator, not a primary goal  Facilitates and secures trans-national interoperability of digital repositories and the commitment of content providers

38. Deliverables  Guidelines  Studie van Europese repositories  Software om repository data te verzamelen, te beheren en te distribueren, in open source, bedoeld voor hergebruik.  Support website (http://www.driver- support.eu)http://www.driver- support.eu  ….

39. Interesting links  General:  http://www.arl.org/sparc/ http://www.arl.org/sparc/  http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm  http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/ http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/  http://www.keyperspectives.co.uk/openaccessarchive/index.html http://www.keyperspectives.co.uk/openaccessarchive/index.html  http://www.arl.org/arl/proceedings/138/guedon.html http://www.arl.org/arl/proceedings/138/guedon.html  http://www.openarchives.org/ http://www.openarchives.org/  Copyright:  http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php  http://jinfo.lub.lu.se/jinfo?func=home http://jinfo.lub.lu.se/jinfo?func=home  http://copyrighttoolbox.surf.nl/copyrighttoolbox/authors/licence/ http://copyrighttoolbox.surf.nl/copyrighttoolbox/authors/licence/  Search:  http://oaister.org http://oaister.org  http://www.doaj.org http://www.doaj.org  http://scholar.google.com/ http://scholar.google.com/  Projects:  Driver: http://www.driver-community.eu/http://www.driver-community.eu/  ORE: http://www.openarchives.org/ore/http://www.openarchives.org/ore/

40. Inge Van Nieuwerburgh Inge.VanNieuwerburgh@UGent.be