1. Biology 11 A.MacAskill

3.  All cells require a constant supply of:  Oxygen  Nutrients  All cells need to get rid of waste products:  Carbon Dioxide

4.  Small simple animals can use diffusion to exchange gases ( O2 and C02) and receive nutrients.  Ex: Sea Anemone, Flat worms  Diffusion is not sufficient for larger animals.  Larger animals require a transportation system and special gas exchange structures.

5.  The Circulatory System is a Transportation System:  Responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen to cells and removing wastes and carbon dioxide from cells. (cellular respiration)

6.  Open Circulatory System:  Hemolymph is pumped by the heart into an open cavity called the hemocoel  Hemolymph bathes the organs directly with oxygen and nutrients  Muscular movements during location can help the hemolymph circulate  ex: Arthropods, Mollusks

7.  Closed Circulation System:  Blood is always contained in vessels of different size and thickness.  Blood is pumped by heart through vessels to all parts of the body.  Ex: Annelids, Chordates

8.  Why are closed circulatory systems more efficient than open?

9.  Single Loop Circulation System:  Found in organisms with gills  The heart pumps blood to the gills from there it passes directly to the tissues before being returned to the heart.  Double Loop Circulation System:  Found in organisms with lungs  Blood flow has two distinct pathways  Blood flows to the lungs or to the body from the heart

10.  Heart : a muscular pump to move the blood  Chambers of the Heart:  Atrium: Top chamber which receives blood from body  Ventricle: Bottom chamber which sends blood to body  Septum: A thick muscular wall which separates heart chambers

11.  Arteries: large blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body  Capillaries: extremely small blood vessels that allow for nutrients and oxygen to reach tissues and carbon dioxide and other wastes to pass from the tissues.  Veins: Blood vessels that carry blood from the tissues to the heart.

12.  Heart comprised of two chambers:  One Atrium & One Ventricle  Single loop circulation

13.  Blood collected from the body enters the Atrium  The heart relaxes, the blood passes through a valve into the Ventricle  Contraction of the ventricle forces the blood into the capillary network of the gills.  Blood then flows to capillary network of the body.  Blood returns to the atrium.  Cycle continues!

14.  Heart comprised of three chambers:  Two Atria & One Ventricle  Double loop circulation

15.  Right Atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body  Left Atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and skin  Both atria empty into the single ventricle  What is the problem with this?  Ventricle contracts and pumps blood to both the body and lungs  The cycle continues !

16.  Note: Septum extends into the ventricle  Why would this be beneficial compared to the Amphibian?

17.  Heart comprised of four chambers:  Two Atrium (Right and Left)  Two Ventricles (Right and Left)  Double loop circulation  Complete Septum, no mixing of blood

18.  Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the Right Atrium  Blood flows through a valve into the Right Ventricle  Deoxygenated blood flows to the lungs where gas exchange occurs  Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the Left Atrium  Blood flows through a valve into the Left Ventricle  Oxygenated blood flows to the body where gas exchange occurs

21.  Ectotherms are cold blooded ; not capable of maintaining a constant body temperature  Endotherms are warm blooded; capable of maintaining a constant body temperature  What are some advantages/disadvantages of being an endotherm?  Advantage: Can be active and survive at low external temperatures  Disadvantage: Require high amounts of energy (we must always eat food)

22.  Plants also need a transportation system:  To gain nutrients and water  To move water from the roots to the rest of the plant  To move nutrients from the leaves to the rest of the plant  Plants are divided into two groups:  Non-vascular: do not contain vascular tissue  Vascular: contain vascular tissue

23.  Xylem Structure:  Long hollow tube extending from the root  Is Dead Tissue  Xylem Function:  Transportation of water from the roots to the rest of the plant  Walls are thick to provide structure to the stem

24.  Phloem Structure:  Bidirectional flow  Living Tissue  Phloem Function:  Transportation of nutrients from the leaves to the rest of the plant

25.  Do not have roots, stems or leaves  Lack vascular tissue  This limits the size of the plant because it cannot transport water and food very far  Are small in size  Depend on water for reproduction  Cannot survive in dry areas  Examples: Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts

26.  Have true roots, stems, and leaves  Have vascular tissue (vascular bundles):  Xylem: Transports water  Phloem: Transports nutrients  Are capable of reproduction on land  Two types of flowering plants:  Monocots  Dicots

27.  Leaf veins are parallel and extend the length of the leaf  One cotyledon: first leaf to germinate  Vascular bundles: are scattered in the stem  Flower parts arranged in three’s  Ex: Grass, Cattails, Lilies, and Palmtrees

28.  Have leaves with net-like veins  Leaf veins are parallel and extend the length of the leaf  Vascular bundles: arranged into a cylinder  Flower parts arranged in four’s or five’s  Increase their diameter each year

31.  Follow Instructions on your lab sheet.