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Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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Define key terms Explain the relationship of chain of infection to transmission of infection Identify and describe the routes of infection Understand how the immune system works Identify the body’s normal defenses against infection Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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Infection Pathogen Endemic Pandemic Virulent Vaccination Meningitis Pneumonia Tuberculosis virus Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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Fungi Parasite Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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Candidiasis Public lice AIDS HIV COPD Sleep apnoea Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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Reservoir = e.g. human Portal of exit = e.g. nasal mucosa Mode of transmission = e.g.insect bite Portal of entry e.g. skin Susceptible host = immunocompromised Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvRP3c5n 3P8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvRP3c5n 3P8 Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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Vaccination Good nutrition Adequate rest Disposal of rubbish Masks, gloves Medical asepsis Surgical asepsis HANDWASHING Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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Lymphoid organs Lymphocytes B Cells and T cells made in bone marrow Key organs: spleen, thymus and bone marrow Macrophages http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=De95q_b C894&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=De95q_b C894&feature=related Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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Produced in the bone marrow Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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Risk Factors You Typically Cannot Control ◦ Heredity ◦ Aging ◦ Environmental conditions ◦ Organism virulence Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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Risk Factors You Can Control ◦ Stress ◦ Nutrition ◦ Fitness level ◦ Sleep ◦ Drug use ◦ Personal hygiene ◦ High-risk behaviors ◦ Exposure to products and services that increase risk Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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“when the body makes an error in the antigen- antibody response and builds up antibodies against it’s own tissue and attempts to destroy it” Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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Naturally acquired active immunity –exposure to antigens in daily life “a killed or weakened version of a disease causing microrganism (antigen)” Stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against future attacks without causing the disease ◦ Artificially acquired active immunity ◦ injections, oral dose ◦ Naturally acquired passive immunity ◦ – passed through to foetus by mother or through breast feeding. ◦ T- and B-cell memory Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/ 7890/$File/natl-immunisation-sched- 21mar-11.pdf http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/ 7890/$File/natl-immunisation-sched- 21mar-11.pdf http://www.immune.org.nz/ http://www.immune.org.nz/ Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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Disease causing micro-organisms 6 major types: 1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Fungi 4. Protozoans 5. Parasites Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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3 types (classified by their shape) cocci, bacilli, spirilli Cocci Staphylocci – normally present on the skin; MRSA streptococci – Group A (strep throat; necrotising fascitis) Meningococcal meningitis: stiff neck, Fever, severe headache, photophobia Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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Pneumonia: ‘disease of the lung characterised by characterised by cough, chest pains, chills, fever and eventual respiratory failure”. - Most common forms caused by bacteria Tuberculosis: “caused by bacteria infiltrating the respiratory system causing chronic inflammatory reaction in the lungs”. -airborne transmission -persistent cough, weight loss, coughing blood, early morning fever Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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Not alive, but still pathogens ◦ The common cold ◦ Influenza ◦ Hepatitis: three different types A (HAV) B (HBV) C (HCV) Prion – the smallest known pathogen Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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◦ Fungi ◦ Protozoans ◦ Parasitic worms Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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The Immune System: Your Body Fights Back ◦ Immunity – “being able to resist a particualr disease by counteracting the substance that produces the disease” ◦ Antigens – “a substance capable of triggering an immune response” e.g. bacteria, virus ◦ Antibodies – “the body’s response to an antigen” ◦ Humoral immune response – the process whereby the body produces antibodies in response to antigens. ◦ Cell-mediated immunity Lymphocytes Macrophages Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011
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