1. December 4, 2009 BReading Ch. 14 BFinal Exam date: TU, Dec. 15 Material covered: Ch. 13, 14, 15, 16 + movie http://dsc.discovery.com/dinosaurs/?campaign=dsc-cod-1-bbc006

2. Marine Vertebrates BBony fishes Primitive sturgeons dominant early Teleosts evolved  mobile jaws, swim bladders –Ex: Xiphactinus BSharks (cartilagenous) Megaladon http://www.fossilien.de/seiten/haizaehne/megalodon.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/seamonsters/factfiles/xiphactinus.shtml

3. Marine Vertebrates BReptiles Nothosaurs and placodonts  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JJdKhGW-HYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JJdKhGW-HY Plesiosaurs Ichthyosaurs Mosasaurs http://biology.fullerton.edu/life/hol/hol_ch14.html http://www.exn.ca/dinosaurs/story.asp?id=2000032152&name=creaturs http://current.com/items/91095972_ancient-sharks-fed-on-plesiosaurs.htm http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/220Lepidosauromorpha/220.300.html http://www3.interscience.wiley.com:8100/legacy/college/levin/0470000201/chap_tutorial/ch12/chapter12-08.html Ichthyosaur Plesiosaur Nothosaur Mosasaur

4. Triassic Mass Extinction (#4) BWiped out ~30% of genera Mostly archosaurs BCause? http://universe-review.ca/R10-19-animals.htm

5. Cycad http://faculty.ncwc.edu/ekosal/arboretum/gingko.htm http://www.galenotech.org/ginkgo.htm http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week241.shtml http://www.science.siu.edu/landplants/Cycadophyta/cycadophyta.html Mesozoic Land Plants BGymnosperms (non-flowering) Cycads  Look like palm trees Ginkgos  Ginkgo biloba survived Conifers Ginkgo Conifers

6. Mesozoic Land Plants BEvolution of angiosperms (flowering) Flowers help pollination  Double fertilization Faster recovery and growth Fertilization of same species guaranteed  Coevolution with insects  Faster evolution http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/prehistoric/fossils/koonwarra.html http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/dinosaurs/gallery/diorama.php?image=1&p=forest&a=sino http://www.pbase.com/gaocus/image/18369846

7. Mesozoic Land Reptiles BTwo major reptile groups: Lepidosaurs  Ancestors of snakes, lizards Archosaurs  Ancestors of crocs, birds http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/levin/0471697435/chap_tut/chaps/chapter14-06.html Early archosaur

8. Age of the Dinosaurs BDino distinctions: Upright posture Ankle joint BTwo major groups: Saurischia group  Lizard-like pelvis Ornithischia group  Bird-like pelvis http://universe-review.ca/R10-19-animals.htm

9. Saurischians (lizard-hipped) BSauropods Giant herbivores  Brachiosaurus  Apatosaurus (“Brontosaurus”) http://www.nhm.uio.no/palmus/wwd/brachiosaurus.html http://blogevolved.blogspot.com/2009/09/sauropods-in-art.html http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/dinosaurs/gallery/diorama.php?image=1&p=forest&a=sino BTheropods Carnivores  Tyrannosaurus  Caudipteryx Ancestors of birds

10. Dino-to-Bird BTransitional fossils Archaeopteryx Limusaurus http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A12d.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/microraptor/prod-04.html http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/06/18/2601531.htm http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/2469/earliest-dinosaur-feathers-shed-light-avian-development Archaeopteryx Limusaurus

11. Ornithischians (bird-hipped) BArmored Stegosaurus Ankylosaurus BDuck billed Hadrosaurus BRimmed head Triceratops http://www.ftschool.org/fourth/s_studies/sg.unit3.html http://www.geologicresources.com/dinosaur_place.html Hadrosaurus Ankylosaurus

12. Flying Reptiles BPterosaurs (flying reptiles) Pterodactyls  Likely rode on updrafts due to size http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/dinosaurs/gallery/diorama.php?image=1&p=forest&a=sino http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/archosauria.html http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biog105/labs/deuts/homolanalogy.html Jeholopterus

13. Evolution of Mammals BEvolved from synapsids (mammal-like reptiles) BSkeletal distinctions: Middle ear--3 bones Lower jaw--1bone Teeth were differentiated Palate http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/acolvil/dino_reptile.html http://ib.berkeley.edu/courses/ib173/lectures/lecture3/173-jaws.html http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/chordates2/Chordates2.htm http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=00016D38-9B8F-11E5-9B8F83414B7F0000 Repenomamus

14. Evolution of Mammals BEgg layers Monotremes (Platypus) http://www.australianfauna.com/platypus.php BLive birth Marsupials (pouched)  Premature births  Safer for mom Placentals  Birth when ready  Mom at risk

15. K/T Extinction B3rd largest Wiped out ~1/2 life http://we.vub.ac.be/~dglg/Web/Claeys/Chicxulub/Chixproject.html BPuzzling evidence: Marine environment  Total loss of ammonites & reptiles (both in decline)  Tropical groups hit hard –Water cooling and regressing Land environment  Decline of angiosperms  Dinosaurs in decline  Not affected –Mammals--placentals became dominant –Turtles, snakes, lizards

16. Extinction Hypotheses BImpact hypothesis Based on iridium anomaly Chicxulub crater Global cooling, acid rain, fires http://we.vub.ac.be/~dglg/Web/Claeys/Chicxulub/Chixproject.html http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VIIB1dMassExtinctions.shtml http://www.geo.uu.nl/ngv/geonieuws/images/600q.jpg BVolcanic hypothesis Gigantic lava floods in India, Brazil Ash and CO 2 production BRegression Altered habitats, climate