1. Sensorid elusolendites ja tehnikas
Füsioloogia ja tehnika
Sensorid elusolendites ja tehnikas
Heigo Tark

2. sisu biosensor vs tehniline sensor - erinevad biosensorid
kuulmisimplantaat vs kuuldeaparaat - ‘kuntsnägemine’ vs kaamera

3. Sensors – definition
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument
A Thermistor is a temperature dependent resistor. When temperature changes, the resistance of the thermistor changes in a predictable way
different motion sensors: They inject energy (light, microwaves or sound) into the environment in order to detect a change of some sort

4. Biosensor – definition
… is a sensor using a living component or a product of a living thing for measurement or indication. Generally a biosensor consists of two parts:
A bilogical recognition element (enzyme, antibody, receptor) to provide selectivity to sense the target of interest
A supporting element which also acts as a transducer to convert the biochemical reaction into “signal” that can be read out

5. Biosensors - receptor
“Receptor” provides selective molecular recognition
For example: enzymes, antibodies, receptors, nucleic acids, polypeptites
muundur
A transducer is a device that converts one type of energy or physical attribute to another for various purposes including measurement or information transfer
Trancducer types in biosensors: calorimetric, electrochemical, optical etc

6. Biosensors - enzymatic
Enzymes are catalysts for biochemical reactions; large macromolecules consisting mostly of protein, and usually containing a prosthetic group (metal)
Advantages:
- highly selective
Enzymes are catalytic, thus improving the sensitivity
Fairly fast
Disadvantages:
expensive: cost of extraction, isolation and purification
activity loss when enzymes are immobilized
enzymes tend to be deactive after a relatively short period of time

7. Biosensors - enzymatic
- In an enzymatic biosensor, the enzyme is immobilized as the ‘receptor’
- Enzymes are specific to their substrates which can be the analyte
Example:
Glucose sensors
Glucose + O2 + H gluconic acid + H202
Measures the amount of O2 consumtion

8. Biosensors – electrochemical cells
- Typically used for measurements of ion or gas-molecule concentrations
- The sensor consist of two electrodes and an ionic conductive material called electrolyte
- Operation of electrochemical sensors is based on reactions and their equilibrium at the electrode surfaces (interface between electronic and ionic conductors)

9. Biosensors – electrochemical cells
Example: Blood oxygen measurement
Measuring arterial blood gases (pO2): in operating room and intensive care unit to monitor respiratory and circulatory condition of a patient
Clark electrode: measures partial pressure of O2

10. Biosensor – oxygen saturation
Oxygen saturation (% of oxygenated hemoglobin) can be measured
and used to represent blood oxygenation
Oximetry: (color) measures light absorbance at one wavelength
where there is a large difference between Hband HbO2 and at
another wavelength (or more wavelengths)

11. Biosensor – oxygen saturation
Pulse oximetry: use the pulsatile(AC) component to extract oxygen
saturation information and the non-pulsatile(DC) signal as a reference
for normalization

12. biological vs “techical” hearing
EAR & hearing:
“Designed” to interpret a multifaceted sound pressure wave form in to its individual frequency components and then reconstitute these components together into what we recognize as blended sound
Most sounds are complex wave forms consisting of pressure waves of
varying amplitudes and frequencies mixed together into sounds and words that we recognize in our daily lives
Auter, middel, inner ear

13. biological vs “techical” hearing
The sound is transmitted into the inner ear known as the cochlea [tiguorgan,luukanal sisekõrvas].
- It is here that the complex sound wave forms of varying frequencies and amplitudes are separated into individual components
- accomplished by means of the resonant frequency for a material based upon its geometry
As complex sound enters into the cochlea, each relevant section of the cochlea would vibrate at its resonant frequency based upon its thickness
Thicker vibrate lower, thinner higher

14. biological vs “techical” hearing
Thousands of hair cells that are connected to tiny nerves
As cochlea fibrates at resonant frequency so do the attached hair cells
Hairs connected to nerves, connected to auditery nerve, which sends recombined electrical signal to brain
- The brain translates these impulses into what we experience as sound

15. biological vs “techical” hearing?
Technical – hearing aids:
Miniature soundsystems with:
- a microphone
- Speaker
- audioamplifier
- and associated electronics
- Individual patient has an individualized
hearing loss, which can be frequency and amplitude dependent
- there are settings for gain at varying frequencies that are preset for each patient

16. biological vs “techical” hearing?
Technical - Cochlear Implant:
- Extreme hearing loss
born completly deaf
deafness through ilness/ injury
- surgically placed implant on the outside of the skull and under the skin just above and behind the ear.
- An electrode array attached to the implant is inserted into the cochlea .
- After surgery, the user is fitted with external devices—a microphone(1), speech processor (2), and transmitter coil (3)
Cochlear implant bypasses damaged parts of the inner ear and electronically stimulates the hair cells and adjacent nerves within the cochlea.

17. biological vs “techical” hearing?
Electronic code is sent to the transmitter coil (3) that is held above the implant (4) by a magnet
The transmitter coil uses an FM radio signal to transmit the signal through the intact skin into the implant
- The implant decodes the signal and sends small electrical pulses to the electrodes (5) in the cochlea, which stimulate the auditory nerves directly.
In response,the auditory nerve carries out its natural function and conducts nerve impulses to the brain.
The brain receives the nerve impulses and interprets them as sound

18. biological vs “techical” hearing?
in United States, medical costs run from US$45,000 to US$105,000;

19. artificial vs “technical” vision
Artificial-Retina: (very basic principle)
- is a bioelectronic implant
-contains about 3,500 microscopic solar cells that are able to convert light into electrical pulses
-These cells convert light signals to electric impulses that are sent to the optic nerve and the brain
võrkkest

20. artificial vs “technical” vision
tiny camera and microprocessor mounted in eyeglasses
a receiver implanted behind the ear
- electrode-studded array that is tacked to the retina
- A wireless battery pack worn on the belt powers the entire device
These images aproximate what patients with retinal devices ideally could see. It is hoped that increasing the number of electrodes will result in more visual perceptions and higher-resolution vision. (Credit: California Institute of Technology) aug

21. artificial vs “technical” vision
Cameras (very basic principle):
basically an “eye”, that records what is seen
on a film/digital format vs electric signals in human brain

22. Tänan kuulamast
Küsimused?

23. Kasutatud kirjandus:
“Sensory organ replacement and repair”, Gerald E. Miller, Virgina Commonwealth University, 2006
“Introduction to Biomedical Engineering”, Kung-Bin Sung, -